Table 1 Weighted characteristics of the participants based on serum LDL-C/Apo B ratio quintiles

Age (years)

29.82 ± 6.13

29.50 ± 6.13

29.25 ± 6.16

29.48 ± 6.20

29.31 ± 6.08

30.16 ± 6.10

0.2048

Sex (%)

0.8217

 Male

53.43

51.56

55.48

54.06

53.54

55.21

 Female

46.57

48.44

44.52

45.94

46.46

44.79

Race/ethnicity (%)

0.0145

 Non-Hispanic white

35.96

51.62

58.30

53.72

60.24

59.07

 Non-Hispanic black

18.75

11.86

11.84

13.53

12.32

15.40

 Mexican American

15.19

16.13

13.33

14.41

10.18

7.37

 Other race/ethnicity

30.09

20.38

16.53

18.34

17.27

18.16

Level of education (%)

0.0016

 Less than high school

17.37

21.39

15.49

15.15

12.50

10.96

 High school

21.16

22.89

20.12

20.36

20.23

19.46

 More than high school

61.47

55.72

64.39

64.50

67.27

69.58

Income to poverty ratio

2.24 ± 1.54

2.35 ± 1.50

2.46 ± 1.58

2.50 ± 1.58

2.42 ± 1.58

2.78 ± 1.62

0.0010

Smoking behavior (%)

0.0039

 Every day

16.77

18.06

18.54

19.77

14.39

12.60

 Some days

5.62

5.93

6.53

6.65

4.05

4.54

 Not at all

14.01

16.49

19.53

15.23

16.69

12.57

 Not recorded

63.59

59.52

55.41

58.35

64.87

70.29

Alcohol consumption (%)

0.3376

 High alcohol use

11.69

13.39

11.25

11.18

10.69

12.55

 None/moderate alcohol use

70.35

73.37

75.38

71.53

74.17

68.81

 Not recorded

17.96

13.24

13.37

17.29

15.14

18.64

Physical activity (%)

0.0216

 Sedentary

5.77

4.42

6.67

5.60

6.04

4.88

 Low activity

14.85

14.78

15.78

18.18

14.13

14.62

 Moderate activity

22.10

22.52

21.47

25.32

20.97

27.02

 High activity

3.95

2.72

6.43

5.15

2.05

4.30

 Not recorded

53.33

55.57

49.65

45.75

56.81

49.18

Waist circumference (cm)

94.15 ± 16.72

98.65 ± 18.60

94.65 ± 16.65

95.73 ± 17.12

93.46 ± 16.32

92.47 ± 13.98

 < 0.0001

Total protein (g/dL)

7.22 ± 0.45

7.14 ± 0.44

7.14 ± 0.44

7.25 ± 0.44

7.19 ± 0.41

7.17 ± 0.43

0.0009

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

182.47 ± 36.42

166.73 ± 32.99

176.26 ± 35.27

180.58 ± 34.18

186.30 ± 33.97

195.86 ± 36.99

 < 0.0001

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

107.96 ± 67.89

159.98 ± 89.14

118.14 ± 63.77

98.03 ± 50.72

89.39 ± 43.79

76.61 ± 35.04

 < 0.0001

HDL-C (mg/dL)

52.47 ± 14.23

47.71 ± 15.69

50.29 ± 14.06

53.04 ± 14.81

53.51 ± 11.97

58.01 ± 12.80

 < 0.0001

Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)

93.07 ± 24.37

97.20 ± 31.39

92.63 ± 23.15

92.44 ± 21.52

89.79 ± 9.13

89.61 ± 14.46

 < 0.0001

systolic blood pressure

115.25 ± 12.72

118.77 ± 14.07

115.00 ± 12.09

115.05 ± 11.52

114.30 ± 12.04

114.05 ± 10.69

 < 0.0001

diastolic blood pressure

68.31.25 ± 11.39

69.75 ± 11.80

67.54 ± 11.54

68.44 ± 9.91

67.55 ± 10.64

67.97 ± 10.64

0.0282

Serum uric acid (mg/dL)

5.37 ± 1.35

5.53 ± 1.46

5.32 ± 1.26

5.44 ± 1.35

5.33 ± 1.27

5.37 ± 1.33

0.1566

Serum total alkaline phosphatase (IU/L)

62.55 ± 19.45

66.65 ± 31.55

62.24 ± 18.53

62.14 ± 18.70

61.16 ± 17.21

60.32 ± 17.60

0.0004

Serum phosphorus (mg/dL)

3.74 ± 0.56

3.73 ± 0.58

3.76 ± 0.59

3.74 ± 0.53

3.72 ± 0.54

3.78 ± 0.59

0.5329

Serum calcium (mg/dL)

9.36 ± 0.31

9.31 ± 0.31

9.33 ± 0.28

9.37 ± 0.32

9.39 ± 0.31

9.41 ± 0.31

 < 0.0001

Calcium supplementation (%)

0.0090

 Not use

86.33

89.64

83.01

84.91

85.52

81.18

 < 0.4 g/d

7.94

6.59

8.80

8.51

10.36

9.63

 ≥ 0.4 g/d

5.72

3.77

8.19

6.58

4.12

9.19

Lumbar BMD (g/cm2)

1.04 ± 0.14

1.05 ± 0.16

1.02 ± 0.14

1.05 ± 0.14

1.04 ± 0.13

1.05 ± 0.13

0.0128