Fig. 4

Histological evaluation of the distraction area 7 days after distraction osteogenesis (DO). a Representative undecalcified histology of distracted area stained with Villanueva Goldner staining. Green signals show calcified bones. Red signals show osteoid bones. Squared parts are magnified in panel b. Scale bare indicates 500 μm. b High magnification images in the central part of the newly formed bone in each group. Arrow shows osteoblasts around osteoid bone. Scale bare indicates 50 μm. c Dots indicate the value of each sample and bars indicate the mean and standard deviation (SD) of Bone volume (BV)/distraction area. d Dots indicate the value of each sample and bars indicate the mean and SD of osteoid volume/distraction area. e Representative high magnification images of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining in the central part of the newly formed bone. Purple signals show osteoclasts. f Dots indicate the value of each sample and bars indicate the mean and SD of the number of osteoclasts. Statistical significance was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Bonferroni correction. Statistical significance was expressed as * p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.005