Fig. 3

Callus formation after distraction osteogenesis (DO). a Representative radiograph in each group at days 7, 14, and 28. b Bone fill score to quantify bony calluses at days 0, 7, 14, and 28. Data values are presented as means and standard error (SE). c Number of uniting calluses on day 28. Dots indicate the value of each sample and bars indicate the means and standard deviation (SD). d Representative micro-computed tomographic scan images in each group on day 28. e Bone volume (BV) of the distraction area in each group. Dots indicate the value of each sample and bars indicate the means and SD. f Bone volume (BV)/Tissue volume (TV) of the distraction area in each group. Dots indicate the value of each sample and bars indicate the means and SD. Statistical significance was analyzed using two-way (b) or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (c, e, and f) with post-hoc Bonferroni correction. Statistical significance was expressed as * p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.005