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Table 2 Improvement of radiographic and clinical outcomes over the follow-up period

From: Using multivariate nonlinear mixed-effects model to investigate factors influencing symptom improvement after high tibial osteotomy in combination with bone marrow concentrate injection for medial compartment knee osteoarthritis: a prospective, open-label study

A. Structural outcomes

Time (month)

Femorotibial angle (°)

Posterior tibial slope (°)

    

0

-2.6 ± 4.6 (-11.8–2.7)

5.9 ± 3.5 (0.8–13.8)

    

12

8.6 ± 2.3 (4.9–11.6)

7.6 ± 3.5 (1.5–14.9)

    

Paired T test*

p < 0.0001

p = 0.04

    

B. VAS

Time (month)

VAS (mm)

     

0

62.5 (30.0, 5.0–95.0)

     

1

40.0 (20.0, 0.0–65.0)a

     

3

25.0 (10.0, 0.0–40.0)a,b

     

6

14.5 (10.0, 0.0–30.0)a,b,c

     

12

10.0 (2.5, 0.0–20.0)a,b,c

     

Friedman test

χ2(4) = 68.9,

p < 0.0001

     

C. WOMAC

Time (month)

Total

Pain

Stiffness

Physical function

  

0

40.2 (21.8, 25.2–91.2)

8.4 (5.6, 2.0–18.4)

5.4 (3.7, 0.8–7.6)

30.2 (14.8, 17.2–65.6)

  

1

32.2 (18.0, 10.4–47.6)a

6.8 (3.8, 0.0–9.6)a

3.6 (2.0, 0.0–6.0)a

22.6 (10.6, 8.0–34.8)a

  

3

22.8 (9.9, 4.4–40.8)a,b

4.8 (2.4, 0.0–7.2)a,b

2.4 (1.8, 0.8–4.0)a,b

15.4 (8.0, 1.6–29.6)a,b

  

6

15.4 (9.4, 3.6–23.2)a,b,c

2.8 (1.8, 0.8–5.6)a,b,c

1.6 (0.6, 0.4–2.4)a,b,c

11.2 (6.4, 1.6–15.6)a,b,c

  

12

10.0 (5.5, 2.8–20.4)a,b,c,d

2.0 (1.2, 0.0–4.4)a,b,c,d

0.8 (0.5, 0.4–1.6)a,b,c

6.8 (4.2, 1.2–14.4)a,b,c

  

Friedman test

χ2(4) = 76.2,

p < 0.0001

χ2(4) = 66.0,

p < 0.0001

χ2(4) = 57.6,

p < 0.0001

χ2(4) = 74.8,

p < 0.0001

  

D. KOOS

Time (month)

Total

Symptoms

Pain

Function, ADL

Function, sports and recreational activities

Quality of life

0

210.9 ± 65.5 (59.3–346.3)

57.6 ± 13.3 (36.1–77.8)

52.6 ± 18.9 (5.6–86.1)

57.5 ± 15.3 (17.6–85.3)

31.3 ± 18.5 (0.0–70.0)

6.3 (18.8, 0.0–43.8)

1

257.9 ± 62.6 (174.0–364.4)

67.8 ± 12.3 (50.0–91.7)

61.4 ± 18.2 (33.3–91.7)

64.9 ± 12.0 (47.1–83.8)

38.5 ± 15.7 (20.0–70.0)

25.0 (10.9, 6.3–50.0)a

3

319.7 ± 58.4 (208.4–405.7)a,b

75.1 ± 8.0 (61.1–88.9)a,b

70.8 ± 13.7 (50.0–97.2)a,b

72.8 ± 14.3 (47.1–94.1)a,b

52.5 ± 14.2 (20.0–75.0)a,b

50.0 (9.4, 12.5–68.8)a,b

6

368.8 ± 43.8 (269.1–433.0)a,b,c

81.9 ± 7.0 (66.7–100.0)a,b,c

74.7 ± 11.0 (52.8–97.2)a,b

79.9 ± 12.1 (55.9–94.1)a,b,c

66.0 ± 8.5 (50.0–75.0)a,b,c

75.0 (20.3, 43.8–81.2)a,b,c

12

387.3 ± 36.6 (320.6–451.4)a,b,c

82.9 ± 6.0 (66.7–94.4)a,b,c

79.3 ± 11.2 (55.6–97.2)a,b,c

83.5 ± 8.1 (70.6–95.6)a,b,c

70.3 ± 9.5 (50.0–85.0)a,b,c

75.0 (6.3, 50.0–87.5)a,b,c

Repeated measures ANOVA

F(2.0, 38.3) = 75.2,

p < 0.0001

F(2.1, 40.1) = 30.9,

p < 0.0001

F(2.0, 38.2) = 26.3,

p < 0.0001

F(1.7, 33.1) = 29.8,

p < 0.0001

F(2.8, 52.5) = 45.9,

p < 0.0001

χ2(4) = 72.0,

p < 0.0001†

  1. Data presented as mean ± SD (min–max) or median (IQR, min–max)
  2. Femorotibial angle: varus = negative value, valgus = positive value
  3. Abbreviations: ADL Activities of daily living, ANOVA Analysis of variance, IQR Interquartile range, KOOS Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, max maximum, min minimum, SD Standard deviation, VAS Visual analogue Scale, WOMAC Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index
  4. * Because of the nonparametric testing, only p values were provided
  5. † Friedman test used due to non-normal distribution of the data
  6. a Significant difference from baseline
  7. b Significant difference from 1 month post-intervention
  8. c Significant difference from 3 months post-intervention
  9. d Significant difference from 6 months post-intervention