| Before matching | After matching | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diabetic (n = 46) | Control (n = 117) | P Value | Diabetic (n = 41) | Control (n = 41) | P Value | |
Age (years) | 69.8(6.9) | 64.7(8.7) | 0.062* | 69.8(6.9) | 69.2(8.7) | 0.841* |
Gender, Female | 27(66) | 59(50) | 0.048†| 25(61) | 23(56) | 0.654* |
Body Mass Index (kg/m²) | 29.2(4.3) | 25.9(5.7) | 0.024‡ | 29.2(4.3) | 28.8(5.7) | 0.866†|
Current Smoker (yes) | 7(15) | 16(14) | 0.595†| 5(12) | 8(20) | 0.364†|
Duration of diabetes | Â | Â | n.a. | Â | Â | n.a. |
 < 10 years | 13(28) |  |  | 12(29) |  |  |
 10–20 years | 19(41) |  |  | 16(39) |  |  |
 > 20 years | 14(30) |  |  | 13(32) |  |  |
HbAlc (%) | Â | Â | n.a. | Â | Â | n.a. |
 ≤ 6.5 | 20(43) |  |  | 18(44) |  |  |
 > 6.5 | 26(57) |  |  | 23(56) |  |  |
Diabetes treatment | Â | Â | n.a. | Â | Â | n.a. |
 Drugs | 21(46) |  |  | 19(46) |  |  |
 Insulin | 9(20) |  |  | 7(17) |  |  |
 Drugs + Insulin | 8(17) |  |  | 7(17) |  |  |
 none | 8(17) |  |  | 8(20) |  |  |
Co-Morbidities, | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Hypertension | 21(51) | 53(45) | 0.513†| 19(46) | 16(39) | 0.503†|
 Heart problem | 4(10) | 9(8) | 0.743†| 3(7) | 2(5) | 1.000†|
 Pulmonary problem | 2(5) | 6(5) | 1.000†| 2(5) | 3(7) | 1.000†|
 Stomach problem | 8(20) | 15(13) | 0.296†| 6(15) | 4(10) | 0.500†|
 Joint problem | 9(22) | 25(21) | 0.938†| 7(17) | 9(22) | 0.577†|
 Other | 4(10) | 14(12) | 1.000‡ | 2(5) | 3(7) | 1.000†|
Any Neurological Deficit (reflex, sensory or motor) | 12(27) | 32(27) | 0.870†| 11(27) | 8(20) | 0.432†|
Symptom Duration (> 6 months) | 24(59) | 71(61) | 0.431†| 22(57) | 28(68) | 0.174†|
Complete Attendance # | 36 | 104 | 0.079†| 32 | 36 | 0.240†|
MF RCSA | 0.42(0.09) | 0.44(0.08) | 0.189‡ | 0.41(0.08) | 0.43(0.11) | 0.126‡ |
MF FCSA/CSA | 0.43(0.12) | 0.51(0.12) | 0.033‡ | 0.46(0.15) | 0.49 (0.16) | 0.038‡ |
MF CSA asymmetry (%) | 8.57(5.01) | 6.40(3.63) | 0.016‡ | 8.09(4.88) | 7.21(3.47) | 0.021* |
Stenosis Level |  |  | 0.957†|  |  | 0.957†|
 L2 – L3 | 3(7) | 4(10) |  | 3(7) | 4(10) |  |
 L3 – L4 | 6(15) | 5(13) |  | 6(15) | 5(13) |  |
 L4 – L5 | 21(51) | 19(48) |  | 21(51) | 19(48) |  |
 L5 – S1 | 11(27) | 12(30) |  | 11(27) | 12(30) |  |
Stenosis Levels (mod/severe) |  |  | 0.277†|  |  | 0.463†|
 None | 5(11) | 13(11) |  | 4(10) | 3(7) |  |
 One | 21(46) | 36(31) |  | 19(46) | 16(39) |  |
 Two | 13(28) | 38(32) |  | 11(27) | 12(29) |  |
 Three or more | 7(15) | 30(26) |  | 7(17) | 10(24) |  |
Stenosis Locations |  |  | 0.852†|  |  | 0.541†|
 Central | 21(46) | 56(48) |  | 18(44) | 23(56) |  |
 Lateral Recess | 17(37) | 38(32) |  | 15(37) | 12(29) |  |
 Neuroforamen | 8(17) | 23(20) |  | 8(20) | 6(15) |  |
Stenosis Severity |  |  | 0.740†|  |  | 0.258†|
 Mild | 32(70) | 74(59) |  | 31(76) | 24(59) |  |
 Moderate | 11(24) | 31(29) |  | 7(17) | 12(29) |  |
 Severe | 3(7) | 12(12) |  | 3(7) | 5(12) |  |
 NRS leg | 6.4(2.5) | 6.9(2.1) | 0.170‡ | 6.2(1.9) | 6.3(2.1) | 0.874* |
 ODI | 35.7(11.8) | 37.0(15.5) | 0.031‡ | 35.2(12.1) | 35.7(13.9) | 0.831‡ |
 NRS back | 4.0(2.0) | 3.8(1.4) | 0.219‡ | 3.9(1.8) | 3.8(1.2) | 0.798‡ |
 SPWT | 457.3(230.4) | 459.8(279.1) | 0.418‡ | 464.4(221.4) | 462.1(268.1) | 0.812* |
 SF-36 BP | 42.3(13.4) | 42.8(16.6) | 0.319‡ | 42.1(13.0) | 42.2(15.8) | 0.948‡ |
 SF-36 PF | 44.4(13.5) | 47.4(14.5) | 0.030‡ | 45.2(12.8) | 46.3(14.9) | 0.863* |
 `SBI | 12.6(4.3) | 11.8(4.3) | 0.209‡ | 12.4(4.1) | 11.5(4.2) | 0.681‡ |
 TSK-11 | 43.4(8.4) | 41.4(11.5) | 0.033‡ | 44.2(9.2) | 44.8(14.2) | 0.284‡ |
 BDI/ | 7.5 (3.9) | 5.9(4.1) | 0.011‡ | 7.2 (3.6) | 7.0(4.3) | 0.928* |