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Table 1 Comparisons in clinical data between type 2 diabetes mellitus group and control group before and after propensity score matching

From: Does type 2 diabetes affect the efficacy of therapeutic exercises for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis?

 

Before matching

After matching

Diabetic (n = 46)

Control (n = 117)

P Value

Diabetic (n = 41)

Control (n = 41)

P Value

Age (years)

69.8(6.9)

64.7(8.7)

0.062*

69.8(6.9)

69.2(8.7)

0.841*

Gender, Female

27(66)

59(50)

0.048†

25(61)

23(56)

0.654*

Body Mass Index (kg/m²)

29.2(4.3)

25.9(5.7)

0.024‡

29.2(4.3)

28.8(5.7)

0.866†

Current Smoker (yes)

7(15)

16(14)

0.595†

5(12)

8(20)

0.364†

Duration of diabetes

  

n.a.

  

n.a.

 < 10 years

13(28)

  

12(29)

  

 10–20 years

19(41)

  

16(39)

  

 > 20 years

14(30)

  

13(32)

  

HbAlc (%)

  

n.a.

  

n.a.

 ≤ 6.5

20(43)

  

18(44)

  

 > 6.5

26(57)

  

23(56)

  

Diabetes treatment

  

n.a.

  

n.a.

 Drugs

21(46)

  

19(46)

  

 Insulin

9(20)

  

7(17)

  

 Drugs + Insulin

8(17)

  

7(17)

  

 none

8(17)

  

8(20)

  

Co-Morbidities,

      

 Hypertension

21(51)

53(45)

0.513†

19(46)

16(39)

0.503†

 Heart problem

4(10)

9(8)

0.743†

3(7)

2(5)

1.000†

 Pulmonary problem

2(5)

6(5)

1.000†

2(5)

3(7)

1.000†

 Stomach problem

8(20)

15(13)

0.296†

6(15)

4(10)

0.500†

 Joint problem

9(22)

25(21)

0.938†

7(17)

9(22)

0.577†

 Other

4(10)

14(12)

1.000‡

2(5)

3(7)

1.000†

Any Neurological Deficit (reflex, sensory or motor)

12(27)

32(27)

0.870†

11(27)

8(20)

0.432†

Symptom Duration (> 6 months)

24(59)

71(61)

0.431†

22(57)

28(68)

0.174†

Complete Attendance #

36

104

0.079†

32

36

0.240†

MF RCSA

0.42(0.09)

0.44(0.08)

0.189‡

0.41(0.08)

0.43(0.11)

0.126‡

MF FCSA/CSA

0.43(0.12)

0.51(0.12)

0.033‡

0.46(0.15)

0.49 (0.16)

0.038‡

MF CSA asymmetry (%)

8.57(5.01)

6.40(3.63)

0.016‡

8.09(4.88)

7.21(3.47)

0.021*

Stenosis Level

  

0.957†

  

0.957†

 L2 – L3

3(7)

4(10)

 

3(7)

4(10)

 

 L3 – L4

6(15)

5(13)

 

6(15)

5(13)

 

 L4 – L5

21(51)

19(48)

 

21(51)

19(48)

 

 L5 – S1

11(27)

12(30)

 

11(27)

12(30)

 

Stenosis Levels (mod/severe)

  

0.277†

  

0.463†

 None

5(11)

13(11)

 

4(10)

3(7)

 

 One

21(46)

36(31)

 

19(46)

16(39)

 

 Two

13(28)

38(32)

 

11(27)

12(29)

 

 Three or more

7(15)

30(26)

 

7(17)

10(24)

 

Stenosis Locations

  

0.852†

  

0.541†

 Central

21(46)

56(48)

 

18(44)

23(56)

 

 Lateral Recess

17(37)

38(32)

 

15(37)

12(29)

 

 Neuroforamen

8(17)

23(20)

 

8(20)

6(15)

 

Stenosis Severity

  

0.740†

  

0.258†

 Mild

32(70)

74(59)

 

31(76)

24(59)

 

 Moderate

11(24)

31(29)

 

7(17)

12(29)

 

 Severe

3(7)

12(12)

 

3(7)

5(12)

 

 NRS leg

6.4(2.5)

6.9(2.1)

0.170‡

6.2(1.9)

6.3(2.1)

0.874*

 ODI

35.7(11.8)

37.0(15.5)

0.031‡

35.2(12.1)

35.7(13.9)

0.831‡

 NRS back

4.0(2.0)

3.8(1.4)

0.219‡

3.9(1.8)

3.8(1.2)

0.798‡

 SPWT

457.3(230.4)

459.8(279.1)

0.418‡

464.4(221.4)

462.1(268.1)

0.812*

 SF-36 BP

42.3(13.4)

42.8(16.6)

0.319‡

42.1(13.0)

42.2(15.8)

0.948‡

 SF-36 PF

44.4(13.5)

47.4(14.5)

0.030‡

45.2(12.8)

46.3(14.9)

0.863*

 `SBI

12.6(4.3)

11.8(4.3)

0.209‡

12.4(4.1)

11.5(4.2)

0.681‡

 TSK-11

43.4(8.4)

41.4(11.5)

0.033‡

44.2(9.2)

44.8(14.2)

0.284‡

 BDI/

7.5 (3.9)

5.9(4.1)

0.011‡

7.2 (3.6)

7.0(4.3)

0.928*

  1. Values are mean ± SD or numbers (%). #: Complete attendance was defined as > 80% of therapy attended. Student’s t test or paired t-test;† χ2 test or McNemar’s test; ‡ Mann–Whitney U test; .n.a.: Not appliable; MF multifidus muscle; RCSA relative cross-sectional area, CSA cross-sectional area, FCSA/CSA ratio of functional cross-sectional area to total cross-sectional area. a: Student’s t test. b: χ2 test. c: Mann–Whitney U test