Table 2 Baseline characteristics of participants stratified by the osteoporosis

Age, years

48.76 ± 19.58

66.63 ± 15.18

<  0.001

Sex, male, n (%)

3887 (51.40%)

23 (12.20%)

<  0.001

Race, n (%)

<  0.001

 Non-Hispanic White

3372 (44.60%)

142 (75.50%)

 Non-Hispanic Black

1868 (24.70%)

18 (9.60%)

 Mexican-American

2074 (27.50%)

26 (13.80%)

 Others

241 (3.20%)

2 (1.10%)

Smoking status, n (%)

0.199

 Every day

3493 (46.20%)

99 (52.70%)

 Some days

1998 (26.40%)

46 (24.50%)

 Not at all

2063 (27.30%)

43 (22.90%)

 Hypertension

2762 (36.90%)

110 (58.50%)

<  0.001

 Diabetes

1156 (15.30%)

47 (25.00%)

<  0.001

 Hypercholesterolemia

1189 (33.10%)

51 (38.30%)

0.210

 Gout

234 (3.10%)

11 (5.90%)

0.033

 Hypotensive drugs

1169 (16.70%)

60 (33.90%)

<  0.001

 Hypoglycemic drugs

424 (5.70%)

19 (10.10%)

0.010

 Cholesterol-lowering drugs

214 (8.00%)

13 (13.50%)

0.051

BMI, kg/m²

26.77 ± 5.54

26.69 ± 6.08

0.846

SBP, mmHg

125.89 ± 19.50

135.84 ± 18.65

<  0.001

DBP, mmHg

74.08 ± 10.64

73.75 ± 9.54

0.679

TG, mmol/L

1.28 (0.88, 1.92)

1.52 (1.05, 2.07)

0.001

TC, mmol/L

5.36 ± 1.16

5.78 ± 1.09

<  0.001

LDL-C, mmol/L

3.35 ± 1.00

3.60 ± 0.97

0.035

HDL-C, mmol/L

1.33 ± 0.40

1.49 ± 0.44

<  0.001

ApoA1, g/L

1.44 ± 0.26

1.58 ± 0.29

<  0.001

ApoB, g/L

1.07 ± 0.27

1.14 ± 0.29

<  0.001

BUN, mmol/L

5.31 ± 2.26

5.97 ± 2.31

<  0.001

CR, umol/L

96.56 ± 34.22

93.50 ± 24.07

0.231

Albumin, g/L

42.38 ± 3.89

40.67 ± 3.13

<  0.001

Uric acid, umol/L

318.93 ± 90.08

295.73 ± 94.03

0.001

FPG, mmol/L

5.24 (4.89, 5.68)

5.38 (4.99, 5.89)

0.010

HbA1c, %

5.51 ± 1.09

5.74 ± 1.32

0.005

CRP, mg/dL

0.21 (0.21, 0.44)

0.21 (0.21, 0.44)

0.063

ALP, U/L

84.46 ± 34.58

92.58 ± 39.29

0.002

Total calcium, mmol/L

2.34 ± 0.11

2.36 ± 0.11

0.003

25(OH) D, nmol/L

55.52 ± 20.13

54.58 ± 21.05

0.545