Table 3 Efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide 10 mg and 40 mg intraarticular at 4 and Week 12 s after the injection (intention to treat and per protocol analyses)

Visual analog scale

Pain

 Baseline

5.2 ± 2.4

Reference

1

4.9 ± 2.7

Reference

1

Reference

1

 Week 4

3.2 ± 2.2

-2.0 (-2.1, -1.9)

 < 0.01

3.3 ± 2.5

-1.5 (-1.6, -1.4)

 < 0.001

0.5 (-1.1, 2.1)

0.54

 Week 12

3.0 ± 2.7

-2.2 (-2.3, -2.1)

 < 0.01

3.5 ± 3.2

-1.4 (-1.5, -1.3)

 < 0.001

0.8 (-0.8, 2.4)

0.34

Global

 Baseline

4.0 ± 2.8

Reference

1

4.0 ± 3.1

Reference

1

Reference

1

 Week 4

2.7 ± 2.3

-1.4 (-1.5, -1.3)

 < 0.01

2.7 ± 2.8

-1.2 (-1.4, -1.1)

 < 0.001

0.2 (-1.5, 1.8)

0.86

 Week 12

2.6 ± 2.5

-1.5 (-1.6, -1.4)

 < 0.01

2.8 ± 3.0

-1.2 (-1.3, -1.0)

 < 0.001

0.3 (-1.4, 2.0)

0.71

EQ5D: Utility

Utility

 Baseline

0.8 ± 0.2

Reference

1

0.8 ± 0.2

Reference

1

Reference

1

 Week 4

0.9 ± 0.1

0.1 (0.1, 0.1)

 < 0.01

0.8 ± 0.2

0.1 (0.1, 0.1)

 < 0.001

-0.1 (-0.2, 0.1)

0.40

 Week 12

0.9 ± 0.2

0.1 (0.1, 0.1)

 < 0.01

0.8 ± 0.3

0.1 (0.0, 0.1)

 < 0.001

-0.1 (-0.2, 0.0)

0.23

The Thai Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index Thai (WOMAC)

Pain score (0–10)

 Baseline

4.9 ± 2.1

Reference

1

4.7 ± 2.5

Reference

1

Reference

1

 Week 4

3.8 ± 2.3

-1.1 (-1.2, -1.0)

 < 0.01

3.8 ± 2.4

-0.9 (-1.0, -0.8)

 < 0.01

0.2 (-1.3, 1.6)

0.84

 Week 12

3.7 ± 2.5

-1.2 (-1.3, -1.1)

 < 0.01

3.9 ± 2.9

-0.8 (-0.9, -0.6)

 < 0.01

0.4 (-1.1, 1.9)

0.59

Stiffness score (0–10)

 Baseline

3.4 ± 2.9

Reference

1

3.0 ± 2.7

Reference

1

Reference

1

 Week 4

2.3 ± 2.5

-1.1 (-1.2, -1.0)

 < 0.01

2.3 ± 2.9

-0.6 (-0.8, -0.4)

 < 0.01

0.5 (-1.2, 2.1)

0.57

 Week 12

2.2 ± 2.3

-1.3 (-1.4, -1.2)

 < 0.01

2.6 ± 3.0

-0.4 (-0.5, -0.3)

 < 0.01

0.9 (-0.8, 2.5)

0.29

Joint usage score (0–10)

 Baseline

3.7 ± 2.5

Reference

1

3.7 ± 2.4

Reference

1

Reference

1

 Week 4

2.6 ± 2.4

-1.1 (-1.3, -1.0)

 < 0.01

2.7 ± 2.6

-1.0 (-1.1, -0.9)

 < 0.01

0.1 (-1.4, 1.6)

0.90

 Week 12

2.6 ± 2.5

-1.2 (-1.3, -1.0)

 < 0.01

2.8 ± 2.9

-0.9 (-1.0, -0.7)

 < 0.01

0.3 (-1.2, 1.8)

0.70

Total score (0–10)

 Baseline

4.0 ± 2.1

Reference

1

3.8 ± 2.2

Reference

1

Reference

1

 Week 4

2.9 ± 2.0

-1.1 (-1.2, -1.0)

 < 0.01

2.9 ± 2.3

-0.8 (-1.0, -0.7)

 < 0.01

0.3 (-1.1, 1.6)

0.70

 Week 12

2.8 ± 2.2

-1.2 (-1.3, -1.1)

 < 0.01

3.1 ± 2.7

-0.7 (-0.8, -0.6)

 < 0.01

0.5 (-0.8, 1.9)

0.45

The Thai Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (Thai KOOS)

Pain

 Baseline

54.1 ± 17.5

Reference

1

60.8 ± 19.3

Reference

1

Reference

1

 Week 4

65.6 ± 21.1

11.4 (10.6, 12.3)

 < 0.01

68.79 ± 19.42

8.03 (6.68, 9.38)

 < 0.01

-3.41 (-16.0, 9.2)

0.60

 Week 12

66.9 ± 22.0

12.8 (11.9, 13.6)

 < 0.01

64.81 ± 24.66

4.05 (2.7, 5.4)

 < 0.01

-8.7 (-21.3, 3.9)

0.18

Symptoms

 Baseline

58.4 ± 19.3

Reference

1

64.5 ± 19.4

Reference

1

Reference

1

 Week 4

69.9 ± 19.2

11.4 (10.6, 12.3)

 < 0.01

74.1 ± 16.3

9.6 (8.8, 10.4)

 < 0.01

-1.8 (-13.4, 9.8)

0.76

 Week 12

71.6 ± 20.0

13.2 (12.3, 14.0)

 < 0.01

69.9 ± 20.7

5.4 (4.6, 6.2)

 < 0.01

-7.8 (-19.4, 3.9)

0.19

Activities daily living function

 Baseline

56.3 ± 19.4

Reference

1

61.6 ± 20.2

Reference

1

Reference

1

 Week 4

64.7 ± 23.3

8.4 (7.4, 9.3)

 < 0.01

65.8 ± 20.4

4.1 (2.8, 5.5)

 < 0.01

-4.3 (-17.5, 9.0)

0.53

 Week 12

62.8 ± 24.0

6.5 (5.6, 7.5)

 < 0.01

65.0 ± 23.2

3.3 (2.0, 4.7)

 < 0.01

-3.2 (-16.4, 10.1)

0.64

Sport and recreation function

 Baseline

23.0 ± 21.2

Reference

1

28.8 ± 23.0

Reference

1

Reference

1

 Week 4

31.7 ± 29.2

8.7 (6.1, 11.3)

 < 0.01

32.1 ± 23.3

3.4 (1.8, 4.9)

 < 0.01

-5.3 (-20.9, 10.3)

0.50

 Week 12

32.9 ± 29.0

9.9 (7.3, 12.5)

 < 0.01

29.4 ± 25.8

0.6 (-0.9, 2.1)

0.44

-9.3 (-24.9, 6.3)

0.24

Quality of life

 Baseline

35.3 ± 17.6

Reference

1

35.2 ± 16.4

Reference

1

Reference

1

 Week 4

43.0 ± 24.1

7.6 (5.5, 9.7)

 < 0.01

45.8 ± 20.1

10.6 (9.2, 12.0)

 < 0.01

3.0 (-10.3, 16.3)

0.66

 Week 12

47.8 ± 23.0

12.5 (10.4, 14.6)

 < 0.01

49.4 ± 26.7

14.2 (12.9, 15.6)

 < 0.01

1.8 (-11.5, 15.0)

0.80

Sit up and time for 20 m walked

Sit up

 Baseline

6.2 ± 4.3

Reference

1

6.5 ± 3.6

Reference

1

Reference

1

 Week 4

6.2 ± 4.4

0 (-0.2, 0.2)

1

6.6 ± 4.1

0.1 (-0.1, 0.3)

0.29

0.1 (-2.5, 2.7)

0.94

 Week 12

6.3 ± 4.5

0.1 (-0.0, 0.3)

0.10

6.6 ± 4.7

0.0 (-0.3, 0.4)

0.88

-0.1 (-2.7, 2.5)

0.93

Time for 20 m walked

 Baseline

53.5 ± 55.5

Reference

1

41.9 ± 48.1

Reference

1

Reference

1

 Week 4

55.5 ± 63.0

2.0 (0.2, 3.7)

0.03

35.9 ± 24.0

-6.0 (-8.2, -3.8)

 < 0.01

-7.9 (-37.3, 21.4)

0.60

 Week 12

53.9 ± 57.5

0.4 (-1.4, 2.1)

0.68

35.0 ± 23.4

-6.8 (-10.1, -3.5)

 < 0.01

-7.2 (-36.7, 22.4)

0.63