Fig. 2

A Radiographic measurements of the length of the lower limb (α), HKA angle (β), medial proximal tibial angle (γ), lateral distal femoral angle (δ), and joint-line convergence angle (ε). B Full-length anteroposterior radiographs of the lower limb in both standing and supine position. The ΔHKA angle was defined as the absolute value of the difference between the acute angle generated by white solid lines and the acute angle formed by white dotted lines for each lower limb. C Patellar rotation was evaluated by calculating the degree of deviation of the patellar centre relative to the midpoint of the line connecting both femoral epicondyles (A/B * 100, %)