From: Effect of aquatic physical therapy on chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Certainty assessment | number of patients | Effect | Certainty | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of studies | Study design | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Other considerations | APT | No APT | Absolute (95% CI) | |
VAS | ||||||||||
9 | Randomized trials | serious1 | not serious2 | not serious3 | serious4 | none5 | 163 | 163 | SMD:-0.68 (-0.91, -0.46) |  ⊕  ⊕ ◯◯ Low |
VAS at rest | ||||||||||
2 | Randomized trials | serious1 | serious6 | not serious3 | serious4 | none5 | 65 | 66 | SMD: -0.60 (-1.42, 0.23) |  ⊕ ◯◯◯ Very Low |
physical components of SF-36 or SF-12 | ||||||||||
4 | Randomized trials | serious1 | not serious7 | not serious3 | serious4 | none5 | 113 | 113 | SMD: 0.63 (0.36, 0.90) |  ⊕  ⊕ ◯◯ Low |
mental components of SF-36 or SF-12 | ||||||||||
4 | Randomized trials | serious1 | serious8 | not serious3 | serious4 | none5 | 113 | 113 | SMD: 0.59 (0.10, 1.08) |  ⊕ ◯◯◯ Very Low |
RMDQ | ||||||||||
4 | Randomized trials | serious1 | not serious9 | not serious3 | serious4 | none5 | 131 | 131 | SMD: -0.42 (-0.66, -0.17) |  ⊕  ⊕ ◯◯ Low |
ODI or ODQ | ||||||||||
7 | Randomized trials | serious1 | serious10 | not serious3 | serious4 | none5 | 151 | 153 | SMD: -0.54 (-1.07, -0.01) |  ⊕ ◯◯◯ Very Low |