Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Population

Patients diagnosed with chronic low back pain

Patients with other serious systemic diseases

Interventions

APT or APT + other interventions (APT group)

No APT intervention

Comparisons

Other interventions: such as land based exercise, health education, physical therapy, no exercise, etc. (No APT group)

With APT intervention

Outcomes

Include at least one of the following outcome indicators: pain intensity (VAS, NPRS, NRS etc.); quality of life (SF-36, SF-12 etc.); disability (ODI, ODQ, RMDQ etc.). The analysis results include the short-term (< 12 weeks), medium-term (12–48 weeks) and long-term (> 48 weeks) effects of APT on patients with chronic low back pain

The literature does not contain the outcome indicators of inclusion criteria

Study

Randomized controlled trial; Published in English or Chinese

Non randomized controlled trial