Table 6 Study participants sample size and characteristics

Al Eisa et al., [40]

113

59

25 M

34F

31.1 ± 6.9

-

-

54

27 M

27F

33.4 ± 7.2

-

-

Alemi et al., [98]

7

7

3 M

4F

42 ± 14

1.72 ± 0.07

69.6 ± 11.1

-

-

-

-

-

Alijanpour et al., [88]

14

6

3 M

3F

25.03 ± 4.5

1.8 ± 0.09

70.83 ± 14.6

8

4 M

4F

24.12 ± 4.9

1.83 ± 0.09

77.87 ± 13.2

Arshad et al., [67]

6

6

6 M

24–33

1.8 ± 0.04

75 ± 8.03

-

-

-

-

-

Bagheri et al., [101]

30

15

-

-

-

-

15

-

-

-

-

Beaudette et al., [78]

51

51

-

24 ± 3.3

1.8 ± 0.07

80.4 ± 11

-

-

-

-

-

Breloff et al,. [89]

10

10

5 M

5F

26.8 ± 3.8

1.8 ± 0.02

67.7 ± 11.6

-

-

-

-

-

Choi et al., [92]

6

6

6 M

23.8 ± 0.4

1.76 ± 0.04

67.8 ± 1.6

-

-

-

-

-

Christe et al., [13]

21

11

6 M

5F

38.2 ± 6.7

1.72 ± 0.07

65.6 ± 9.8

10

5 M

5F

36.7 ± 5.4

1.74 ± 0.05

69.5 ± 9.8

Christe et al., [41]

21

11

6 M

5F

36.7 ± 5.4

1.74 ± 0.05

69.5 ± 9.8

10

6 M

4F

38.7 ± 7.2

1.74 ± 0.07

67.8 ± 8.9

Christe et al., [14]

21

11

6 M

5F

36.7 ± 5.4

1.74 ± 0.05

69.5 ± 9.8

10

6 M

4F

38.7 ± 7.2

1.74 ± 0.07

67.8 ± 8.9

Claus et al., [93]

50

50

21 M

29F

22 ± 4

21 ± 3

1.72 ± 0.07

1.64 ± 0.06

66 ± 12

55 ± 8

-

-

-

-

-

Crosbie et al., [94]

108

108

50 M

58F

46 ± 18

45 ± 18

1.72 ± 0.08

1.61 ± 0.07

73.7 ± 10.5

59.6 ± 9.8

-

-

-

-

-

Deane et al., [95]

10

10

4 M

6F

30.8

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Frigo et al., [47]

18

18

18F

12.3

1.56

49.2

-

-

-

-

-

Ghasemi et al., [86]

18

9

9 M

23.6 ± 1.1

1.78 ± 0.057

75.9 ± 7.1

9

9 M

26.9 ± 3.9

1.76 ± 0.04

110.1 ± 10.6

Gilleard et al., [48]

9

9

9F

32.6 ± 4.3

1.63 ± 0.06

66.8 ± 10.3

-

-

-

-

-

Glover et al., [87]

7

7

4 M

3F

49.9 ± 12.2

1.72 ± 0.11

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gombatto et al., [12]

36

18

8 M

10F

27.6 ± 12.4

1.67 ± 0.12

72 ± 14.5

18

7 M

11F

28.1 ± 13.1

1.69 ± 0.11

71.2 ± 15.3

Gombatto et al., [42]

35

17

7 M

10F

25.6 ± 8.7

1.67 ± 0.13

71.1 ± 14.4

18

7 M

11F

28.1 ± 13.1

1.69 ± 0.11

71.2 ± 15.3

Hagins et al., [90]

59

24

2 M

21F

24.9 ± 6.1

1.66 ± 0.09

62.1 ± 9.7

33

9 M

26F

24.9 ± 6.1

1.66 ± 0.09

62.1 ± 9.7

Hemming, [43]

77

28

12 M

16F

38.5 ± 11.2

1.69 ± 0.07

72.9 ± 15.2

23AEP

27FP

4 M/19F

21 M/6F

43.7 ± 11.2

41 ± 10

1.69 ± 0.1

1.75 ± 0.87

68.9 ± 18

82.5 ± 14.6

Hernandez et al., 2017 [44]

36

18

8 M

10F

26.1 ± 8.6

19

7 M

11F

28.1 ± 13.1

-

-

Hidalgo et al., [16]

50

25

10 M

15F

40 ± 11

-

-

25

12 M

13F

42 ± 9

-

-

Holewijn et al., [49]

12

-

-

-

-

-

12

12F

15.2 ± 1.7

-

-

Hooker et al., [102]

154

-

-

-

-

-

154

59 M

95F

42.6 ± 1.85

-

-

Ignasiak et al., [50]

42

21Young

21Elderly

16 M/26F

27 ± 3.97

70.1 ± 3.85

1.73 ± 0.09

1.68 ± 0.08

68.3 ± 13.7

67.4 ± 11.3

-

-

-

-

-

Ignasiak et al., [51]

44

23Young

21Elderly

17 M/27F

27.13 ± 3.79

70.1 ± 3.85

1.73 ± 0.09

1.68 ± 0.08

68.3 ± 13.7

67.4 ± 11.3

-

-

-

-

-

Kakar et al., [52]

20

10

4 M

6F

20.6 ± 1.5

1.72 ± 0.08

66.4 ± 10.9

10

4 M

6F

17.4 ± 1.3

1.69 ± 0.09

65.5 ± 12.2

Knechtle et al., [103]

61

61

31 M

31F

29.5 ± 6.9

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Konz et al., [53]

10

10

-

27 ± 4

1.71 ± 0.06

71.9 ± 12.2

1

1 M

-

-

-

Kuai et al., [54]

33

26

-

-

-

-

7

-

-

-

-

Kudo et al., [99]

10

10

10 M

22.6 ± 1.5

1.7 ± 0.05

64.6 ± 6

-

-

-

-

-

Kuwahara et al., [45]

20

10

6 M

5F

62 ± 19.1

1.62 ± 0.08

60.7 ± 11.7

10

5 M

5F

75.3 ± 3.9

1.58 ± 0.08

63.4 ± 6

Leardini et al., [23]

10

10

5 M

5F

24.7 ± 0.8

1.71 ± 0.08

62.4 ± 9.3

-

-

-

-

-

Lin et al., [55]

24

15

10 M

5F

48.2 ± 14.46

1.76 ± 0.09

76.3 ± 14.7

9

8 M

1F

53.9 ± 9.3

1.7 ± 0.05

72.6 ± 11.4

List et al., [56]

30

30

-

25 ± 4

1.74 ± 0.08

67 ± 11

-

-

-

-

-

Marich et al., [100]

48

16

6 M

10F

37.4 ± 11

1.7 ± 0.13

68.6 ± 14.6

16low LBP

16high LBP

6 M

10F

6 M

10F

38.6 ± 13

36.2 ± 11

1.71 ± 0.11

1.71 ± 0.09

68.9 ± 15.1

71.6 ± 9.6

Marich et al., [104]

48

16

7 M

9F

32.1 ± 9.4

1.72 ± 0.12

71.8 ± 11.1

32

17 M

15F

33.8 ± 10

1.72 ± 0.1

74.3 ± 15.3

Mason et al., [30]

12

12

11 M

1F

23.25 ± 4.3

1.64 ± 0.06

60.45 ± 8.13

-

-

-

-

-

Muller et al., [57]

10

10

5 M

5F

29 ± 3

1.79 ± 0.11

74 ± 14

-

-

-

-

-

Needham et al., [26]

10

10

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Niggli et al., [91]

20

20

9 M

11F

31 ± 9

1.73 ± 0.1

69 ± 13

-

-

-

-

-

Noamani et al., [58]

11

11

7 M

4F

28.5 ± 3.3

0.75 ± 0.04

69.9 ± 13.7

-

-

-

-

-

Papi et al., [59]

40

20

10 M

10F

28 ± 7.6

1.72 ± 0.11

66.2 ± 12

20

16 M

4F

41 ± 10.7

1.68 ± 0.1

74.1 ± 19.5

Papi et al., [60]

40

20

10 M

10F

28 ± 7.6

1.72 ± 0.11

66.2 ± 12

20

16 M

4F

41 ± 10.7

1.68 ± 0.1

74.1 ± 19.5

Patel et al., [61]

28

13

6 M

7F

16.6

1.62

64

15

5 M

10F

14.3

1.62

58.3

Peharec et al., [97]

63

63

40 M

23F

35

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Pelegrinelli et al., [62]

26

13

-

-

-

-

13

-

-

-

-

Pesenti et al., [63]

62

-

-

-

-

-

62

8 M

54F

15.5 ± 2.1

-

-

Pollock et al., [64]

8

8

8 M

22 ± 3.9

1.72 ± 0.07

76 ± 8.9

-

-

-

-

-

Preece et al., [85]

15

15

15 M

25 ± 5

1.78 ± 0.0689

63.1 ± 6.1

-

-

-

-

-

Preuss et al., [65]

11

11

7 M

4F

28.5 ± 3.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Rouhani et al., 2015 [66]

11

11

7 M

4F

28.5 ± 3.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Rozumalski et al., [68]

10

10

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Ryan et al., [69]

17

17

10 M

7F

26.5 ± 5.4

1.68 ± 0.09

67.9 ± 10.5

-

-

-

-

-

Saad et al., [70]

10

10

10 M

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Sayers et al., [71]

20

10Novice

10Pro

5F/5 M

5F/5 M

26.1 ± 4.9

27.6 ± 3.6

1.73 ± 0.1

1.71 ± 0.09

67.6 ± 12.4

66 ± 10.7

-

-

-

-

-

Schinkel-ivy et al., [72]

30

30

15 M

15F

25 ± 3.8

22.8 ± 2.7

1.8 ± 0.05

1.66 ± 0.05

79 ± 8

59 ± 6

-

-

-

-

-

Schmid et al., [73]

10

-

-

-

-

-

10

2 M

8F

14.8 ± 1.3

1.65 ± 0.1

55.3 ± 12.7

Schmid et al., [46]

29

15

8 M

7F

14.1

1.62

54.2

14

2 M

12F

15.2

1.66

55.6

Seay et al., [74]

10

10

-

26.2

1.72 ± 0.14

66.2 ± 10.2

-

-

-

-

-

Seerden et al., [75]

18

18

11 M

7F

45.8 ± 14.8

1.76 ± 0.09

74 ± 14.5

-

-

-

-

-

Seerden et al., [39]

43

23

16 M

7F

45.2 ± 13.4

1.77 ± 0.09

75.2 ± 14

12 AK

8 Inf

11 M, 1F

7 M, 1F

50.4 ± 11.4

37.6 ± 13.7

1.73 ± 0.06

1.79 ± 0.08

77.3 ± 12.9

87.3 ± 15.9

Severijns et al., [38]

41

18

6 M

12F

61.4 ± 10.5

1.65 ± 0.07

63.8 ± 12

23

4 M

19F

61.8 ± 10

1.62 ± 0.07

60.6 ± 9.5

Simonet et al., [76]

33

20

9 M

11F

31.4 ± 9.2

1.73 ± 0.09

68.9 ± 12.9

13

8 M

5F

38 ± 11.6

1.74 ± 0.07

67 ± 12

Stoll et al., [77]

10

10

6 M

4F

29 ± 3

1.79 ± 0.09

75 ± 14

-

-

-

-

-

Sugaya et al., [96]

11

11

11 M

26.5 ± 3.3

1.73 ± 0.04

65.4 ± 3.9

-

-

-

-

-

Sung et al., [79]

44

24

18 M

6F

39.7 ± 18.7

-

-

20

12 M

8F

43.1 ± 17.4

-

-

Sung et al., [80]

32

18

4 M

12 F

14.22 ± 0.73

14

2 M

12F

14.79 ± 1.05

Swain et al., [81]

60

27

-

-

-

-

33

-

-

-

-

Tojima et al., [82]

7

7

7 M

30.3 ± 4.9

1.7 ± 0.05

64.4 ± 6.6

-

-

-

-

-

Wilk et al., [83]

91

25

25F

15–28

-

-

66

66F

15–28

-

-

Zwambag et al., [84]

4

4

4 M

27 ± 1.7

1.8 ± 0.1

85 ± 10.3

-

-

-

-

-