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Table 5 Characteristics of studies extracted from the literature search with marker setups adapted from papers in Table 4

From: Stereophotogrammetric approaches to multi-segmental kinematics of the thoracolumbar spine: a systematic review

Study

No. of Markers

Spine segments analysed

Kinematic variable assessed

System used

Participants

Task Performed

Adapted From

Al Eisa et al., [40]

13

3 (UT, LT, Lumbar, Sacral)

ROM in the transverse and frontal planes

5-camera Qualisys Motion analysis System, MATLAB

113

Lateral Flexion and axial rotation

Crosbie et al., [94]

Alijanpour et al., [88]

40

3 (UT, LT, Lumbar)

ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes, segment coordination

7-camera VICON system at 200 Hz, NEXUS

14

Rowing

Needham et al., [26]

Bagheri et al., [101]

13

2 (thoracic, lumbar)

Frontal, sagittal, and transverse angles between segments

6-camera Qualisys System, QTM, MATLAB

30

Walking trials with and without load carrying

Seay et al., [74]

Hidalgo et al., [16]

Beaudette et al., [78]

57

2 (thoracic, lumbar)

ROM in sagittal plane

Optitrack motion analysis system

51

Flexion Extension Motion

Zwambag et al., [84]

Breloff et al., [89]

22

7 (UT, MUT, MLT, LT, UL, LL, Sacral)

ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes

10-camera Motion analysis corporation, MATLAB

10

Seated anterior and lateral bending, level-ground walking

Preuss and Popovic, [65]

Christe et al., [41]

20

4 (UT, LT, UL, LL)

ROM in the sagittal plane

VICON at 120HZ, MATLAB

22

Walking Trials

Christe et al., [13]

Christe et al., [14]

20

4 (UT, LT, UL, LL)

ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes

14-camera VICON at 120HZ, MATLAB

21

Step up on boxes of different heights

Christe et al., [13]

Deane et al., [95]

23

3 (UT, LT, Lumbar)

Peak joint angles in the sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes

10-camera VICON system at 100 Hz, NEXUS, MATLAB

10

Walking trials, sit-to-stand transitions

Papi et al., [59]

Gilleard et al., [48]

15

2 (thoracic, lumbar)

ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes

8-camera camera Motion analysis corporation

9

Walking Trials

Crosbie et al., [94]

Glover et al., [87]

63

3 (upper trunk, middle trunk, lower trunk)

Error profile of spine markers, tracking error of musculoskeletal models

7-camera VICON M MX System at 120 Hz, OpenSim

7

Running Trials

Kakar et al., [52]

Gombatto et al., [42]

10

4 (UT, LT, UL, LL)

Frontal, sagittal, and transverse angles between segments

9-camera VICON system, NEXUS, VISUAL 3D

35

Picking up a small object from the ground

Gombatto et al., [12]

Hagins et al., [90]

31

4 (LL, UL, LT, UT)

ROM in the sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes

8-camera Motion analysis corporation, VISUAL 3D

59

Dance movements

Swain et al., [81]

Hernandez et al., [44]

1 0

4 (UT, LT, UL, LL)

ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes

9-camera VICON system, NEXUS, VISUAL 3D

36

Step Down

Gombatto et al., [12]

Hooker et al., [102]

35

2 (thoracic, lumbar)

Lumbar curvature angle

8-camera VICON system at 120 Hz, NEXUS, MATLAB

154

Preferred sitting posture, flexed, and extended sitting

Gombatto et al., [12] Marich et al., [100]

Ignasiak et al., [51]

75

8 (thoracic, lumbar, C7-T3, T3-T5, T5-T7, T7-T9, T9-T11, T11-L1)

Maximum compressive loads on thoracolumbar spine, ROM in sagittal plane

12-camera VICON MX system at 100 Hz, NEXUS

44

Full Flexion Forward, Stand-to-Sit, Sit-to-Stand

Ignasiak et al., [51]

Knechtle et al., [103]

58

2 (thoracic, lumbar)

Angular displacement in Sagittal plane, lumbar lordosis curvature

20-camera VICON at 200 Hz, NEXUS, MATLAB

61

Bending forward, sit-to-stand transitions, object pick-up

Schmid et al., [73]

Marich et al., [104]

35

2 (thoracic, lumbar)

Angular displacement in Sagittal plane

8-camera VICON system at 120 Hz, NEXUS, MATLAB

48

Forward bending, object pick-up

Marich et al., [100]

Muller et al., [57]

24

3 (UT, LT, Lumbar)

ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes

8-camera VICON system at 200 Hz

10

Treadmill walking trials with perturbations

Preuss and Popovic, [65]

Niggli et al., [91]

58

3 (Cervical, thoracic, lumbar)

Thoracic and Lumbar curvature

10-camera VICON at 200 Hz, NEXUS

20

Walking, running, sit-to-stand, object pickup, vertical jump

Schmid et al., [73]

Noamani et al., [58]

21

7 (UT, MUT, MLT, LT, UL, LL, Sacral)

ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes

6-camera Vicon System at 120 Hz

11

Anterior and side Seated Bending

Preuss and Popovic, [65]

Papi et al., [60]

24

4 (UT, LT, UL, LL)

ROM in the sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes

VICON system at 100 Hz, NEXUS, MATLAB

40

Walking trials, sit-to-stand transitions, lifting a 5kgs box

Papi et al., [59]

Pelegrinelli et al., [62]

18

2 (Thoracic, Lumbar)

ROM in the sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes

10-camera Oqus 400 Qualisys system at 240 Hz, MATLAB

26

Running on a treadmill at 3.3 m/s

Mason et al., [30]

Preece et al., [85]

14

2 (Thoracic, Lumbar)

ROM in the sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes

12-camera Qualisys Pro-reflex system at 240 Hz, Visual 3D, MATLAB

15

Running at a speed of 5.6 m/s

Mason et al., [30],

Rouhani et al., 2015 [66]

22

7 (UT, MUT, MLT, LT, UL, LL, Sacral)

ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes

6-camera Vicon System at 120 Hz

11

Anterior and side Seated Bending

Preuss and Popovic, [65]

Sayers et al., [71]

77

2 (thoracic, lumbar)

Spine Curvatures

22-camera VICON MX system at 100 Hz, MATLAB

20

High-bar squat at 2 different heel elevations

List et al., [56]

Schmid et al., [46]

56

3 (Cervical, thoracic, lumbar)

ROM in the sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes

12-camera MXT20 VICON system at 200-300 Hz, NEXUS, MATLAB

29

Walking trials

Schmid et al., [73]

Seerden et al., [39]

45

6 (UT, Middle Thoracic, Thoracolumbar, UL, LL, lumbosacral)

ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes, motion velocity

13-camera VICON MX system at 100 Hz, NEXUS, MATLAB

43

Forward Flexion, Lateral Bending, Spine Rotation

Seerden et al., [75]

Simonet et al., [76]

58

3 (Cervical, thoracic, lumbar)

ROM of the Lumbar Lordosis

10-camera VICON system at 200 Hz, NEXUS, MATLAB

33

Standing for 10 s, Walking, Running at self-selected speeds

Schmid et al., [73]

Stoll et al., [77]

12

3 (UT, LT, Lumbar)

ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes

8-camera VICON system at 200 Hz

15

Lifting different weights from the ground

Preuss and Popovic, [65]

Sugaya et al., [96]

22

7 (UT, MUT, MLT, LT, UL, LL, Sacral)

ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes, Muscle forces

VICON system at 200 Hz

11

Ipsilateral Rotation

Preuss and Popovic, [65]