Study | No. of Markers | Spine segments analysed | Kinematic variable assessed | System used | Participants | Task Performed | Adapted From |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al Eisa et al., [40] | 13 | 3 (UT, LT, Lumbar, Sacral) | ROM in the transverse and frontal planes | 5-camera Qualisys Motion analysis System, MATLAB | 113 | Lateral Flexion and axial rotation | Crosbie et al., [94] |
Alijanpour et al., [88] | 40 | 3 (UT, LT, Lumbar) | ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes, segment coordination | 7-camera VICON system at 200 Hz, NEXUS | 14 | Rowing | Needham et al., [26] |
Bagheri et al., [101] | 13 | 2 (thoracic, lumbar) | Frontal, sagittal, and transverse angles between segments | 6-camera Qualisys System, QTM, MATLAB | 30 | Walking trials with and without load carrying | Seay et al., [74] Hidalgo et al., [16] |
Beaudette et al., [78] | 57 | 2 (thoracic, lumbar) | ROM in sagittal plane | Optitrack motion analysis system | 51 | Flexion Extension Motion | Zwambag et al., [84] |
Breloff et al., [89] | 22 | 7 (UT, MUT, MLT, LT, UL, LL, Sacral) | ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes | 10-camera Motion analysis corporation, MATLAB | 10 | Seated anterior and lateral bending, level-ground walking | Preuss and Popovic, [65] |
Christe et al., [41] | 20 | 4 (UT, LT, UL, LL) | ROM in the sagittal plane | VICON at 120HZ, MATLAB | 22 | Walking Trials | Christe et al., [13] |
Christe et al., [14] | 20 | 4 (UT, LT, UL, LL) | ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes | 14-camera VICON at 120HZ, MATLAB | 21 | Step up on boxes of different heights | Christe et al., [13] |
Deane et al., [95] | 23 | 3 (UT, LT, Lumbar) | Peak joint angles in the sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes | 10-camera VICON system at 100 Hz, NEXUS, MATLAB | 10 | Walking trials, sit-to-stand transitions | Papi et al., [59] |
Gilleard et al., [48] | 15 | 2 (thoracic, lumbar) | ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes | 8-camera camera Motion analysis corporation | 9 | Walking Trials | Crosbie et al., [94] |
Glover et al., [87] | 63 | 3 (upper trunk, middle trunk, lower trunk) | Error profile of spine markers, tracking error of musculoskeletal models | 7-camera VICON M MX System at 120 Hz, OpenSim | 7 | Running Trials | Kakar et al., [52] |
Gombatto et al., [42] | 10 | 4 (UT, LT, UL, LL) | Frontal, sagittal, and transverse angles between segments | 9-camera VICON system, NEXUS, VISUAL 3D | 35 | Picking up a small object from the ground | Gombatto et al., [12] |
Hagins et al., [90] | 31 | 4 (LL, UL, LT, UT) | ROM in the sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes | 8-camera Motion analysis corporation, VISUAL 3D | 59 | Dance movements | Swain et al., [81] |
Hernandez et al., [44] | 1 0 | 4 (UT, LT, UL, LL) | ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes | 9-camera VICON system, NEXUS, VISUAL 3D | 36 | Step Down | Gombatto et al., [12] |
Hooker et al., [102] | 35 | 2 (thoracic, lumbar) | Lumbar curvature angle | 8-camera VICON system at 120 Hz, NEXUS, MATLAB | 154 | Preferred sitting posture, flexed, and extended sitting | |
Ignasiak et al., [51] | 75 | 8 (thoracic, lumbar, C7-T3, T3-T5, T5-T7, T7-T9, T9-T11, T11-L1) | Maximum compressive loads on thoracolumbar spine, ROM in sagittal plane | 12-camera VICON MX system at 100 Hz, NEXUS | 44 | Full Flexion Forward, Stand-to-Sit, Sit-to-Stand | Ignasiak et al., [51] |
Knechtle et al., [103] | 58 | 2 (thoracic, lumbar) | Angular displacement in Sagittal plane, lumbar lordosis curvature | 20-camera VICON at 200 Hz, NEXUS, MATLAB | 61 | Bending forward, sit-to-stand transitions, object pick-up | Schmid et al., [73] |
Marich et al., [104] | 35 | 2 (thoracic, lumbar) | Angular displacement in Sagittal plane | 8-camera VICON system at 120 Hz, NEXUS, MATLAB | 48 | Forward bending, object pick-up | Marich et al., [100] |
Muller et al., [57] | 24 | 3 (UT, LT, Lumbar) | ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes | 8-camera VICON system at 200 Hz | 10 | Treadmill walking trials with perturbations | Preuss and Popovic, [65] |
Niggli et al., [91] | 58 | 3 (Cervical, thoracic, lumbar) | Thoracic and Lumbar curvature | 10-camera VICON at 200 Hz, NEXUS | 20 | Walking, running, sit-to-stand, object pickup, vertical jump | Schmid et al., [73] |
Noamani et al., [58] | 21 | 7 (UT, MUT, MLT, LT, UL, LL, Sacral) | ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes | 6-camera Vicon System at 120 Hz | 11 | Anterior and side Seated Bending | Preuss and Popovic, [65] |
Papi et al., [60] | 24 | 4 (UT, LT, UL, LL) | ROM in the sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes | VICON system at 100 Hz, NEXUS, MATLAB | 40 | Walking trials, sit-to-stand transitions, lifting a 5kgs box | Papi et al., [59] |
Pelegrinelli et al., [62] | 18 | 2 (Thoracic, Lumbar) | ROM in the sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes | 10-camera Oqus 400 Qualisys system at 240 Hz, MATLAB | 26 | Running on a treadmill at 3.3 m/s | Mason et al., [30] |
Preece et al., [85] | 14 | 2 (Thoracic, Lumbar) | ROM in the sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes | 12-camera Qualisys Pro-reflex system at 240 Hz, Visual 3D, MATLAB | 15 | Running at a speed of 5.6 m/s | Mason et al., [30], |
Rouhani et al., 2015 [66] | 22 | 7 (UT, MUT, MLT, LT, UL, LL, Sacral) | ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes | 6-camera Vicon System at 120 Hz | 11 | Anterior and side Seated Bending | Preuss and Popovic, [65] |
Sayers et al., [71] | 77 | 2 (thoracic, lumbar) | Spine Curvatures | 22-camera VICON MX system at 100 Hz, MATLAB | 20 | High-bar squat at 2 different heel elevations | List et al., [56] |
Schmid et al., [46] | 56 | 3 (Cervical, thoracic, lumbar) | ROM in the sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes | 12-camera MXT20 VICON system at 200-300 Hz, NEXUS, MATLAB | 29 | Walking trials | Schmid et al., [73] |
Seerden et al., [39] | 45 | 6 (UT, Middle Thoracic, Thoracolumbar, UL, LL, lumbosacral) | ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes, motion velocity | 13-camera VICON MX system at 100 Hz, NEXUS, MATLAB | 43 | Forward Flexion, Lateral Bending, Spine Rotation | Seerden et al., [75] |
Simonet et al., [76] | 58 | 3 (Cervical, thoracic, lumbar) | ROM of the Lumbar Lordosis | 10-camera VICON system at 200 Hz, NEXUS, MATLAB | 33 | Standing for 10 s, Walking, Running at self-selected speeds | Schmid et al., [73] |
Stoll et al., [77] | 12 | 3 (UT, LT, Lumbar) | ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes | 8-camera VICON system at 200 Hz | 15 | Lifting different weights from the ground | Preuss and Popovic, [65] |
Sugaya et al., [96] | 22 | 7 (UT, MUT, MLT, LT, UL, LL, Sacral) | ROM in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes, Muscle forces | VICON system at 200 Hz | 11 | Ipsilateral Rotation | Preuss and Popovic, [65] |