Table 1 Study characteristics and design
Study | Year | Region | Study design | Sample size | Age (mean ± STDEV) | Sampling method | Reference standard (Radiography and/or follow up) | Radiograph interpretation (radiologist or ED physician) | Follow-up interpretation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Auley 1998 [1] | 1998 | France | Prospective validation survey | 416 | 34 [range: 18–90] | Consecutive | Radiography | ED physician at time of visit + blinded radiologist (for OAR performance) | No follow up |
Beceren 2013 [3] | 2013 | Turkey | Randomized prospective | 962 | 30.3 ± 13.2 | Consecutive | Radiography | Orthopaedic surgery resident | N/R |
Broomhead 2003 [5] | 2003 | Australia | Prospective validation study | 333 | 34.7 [range: 18.1–84.8] | Consecutive | Radiography | Radiologist | No follow up |
Can 2008 [6] | 2008 | Zurich | Prospective cohort study | 251 | 51 ± 21 (fracture present) 38 ± 17 (fracture absent) | Consecutive | Radiography | Radiologist and emergency physicians | N/R |
Cheng 2016 [7] | 2016 | Australia | Retrospective review | 404 | 38.5 | Consecutive | Radiography | N/R | N/R |
Daş 2016 [8] | 2016 | Turkey | Retrospective case–control analysis | 405 | 37.5 | Consecutive | Radiography | Radiologist and Orthopaedic surgeon (blinded to OAR status) | No follow up |
Glas 2002 [12] | 2002 | Amsterdam | Prospective comparative study | 647 | 35 ± 14 | Consecutive | Radiography | Radiologist and trauma surgeon | N/R |
Gomes 2020 [13] | 2000 | Australia | Retrospective review | 262 | 38 ± 13.8 | Unclear | Radiography | Radiologist | N/R |
Lucchesi 1995 [16] | 1995 | Michigan | Prospective validation study | 484 | 38 [range: 18–81] | Convenience | Radiography | Radiologist | No follow up |
Papacostas 2001 [21] | 2001 | Greece | Prospective survey | 79 | 29 ± 9.6 | Consecutive | Radiography | Radiologist | No follow up |
Rosin 1999 [22] | 1999 | South Korea | Retrospective | 67 | 24.9 [range: 19–41] | Consecutive | Radiography | N/R | N/R |
Santelli 2008 [24] | 2008 | France | Prospective | 248 | 31.8 ± 15.9 | Consecutive | Radiography | Radiologist | N/R |
Salt 1997 [23] | 1997 | UK | Prospective | 324 | Above 18 | Consecutive | Radiography | N/R | No follow-up |
Stiell 1994 [25] | 1994 | Canada | Non-randomized controlled trial | 498 | 37 ± 16 | Consecutive | Radiography | Radiologist | Telephoned at 10 days or asked to return for re-assessment |
Verma 1997 [28] | 1997 | US | Retrospective | 2500 | Above 18 | Consecutive | Radiography | N/R | Medical record review |
Verma 1997 [28] | 1997 | US | Prospective | 759 | Above 18 | Consecutive | Radiography | N/R | Telephone or medical record review |
Wang 2013 [23] | 2013 | China | Prospective | 183 | 36.6 [range:18–70] | Consecutive | Radiography | ED physician | 3D CT |