Table 2 Associations of disability due to CLBP with weekly sports, daily sitting time, and mental health

Moderate Disability

Overall (n = 3,478)

Men (n = 2,288)

Women (n = 1,190)

Unadjusted

OR (95% CI)

Adjusted

OR (95% CI)

Unadjusted

OR (95% CI)

Adjusted

OR (95% CI)

Unadjusted

OR (95% CI)

Adjusted

OR (95% CI)

Regular exercise

  No exercise

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

  2–4 h/week

0.72 ^*

(0.55, 0.94)

0.90

(0.65, 1.23)

0.75 ⁺

(0.54, 1.05)

0.88

(0.60, 1.28)

0.67

(0.41, 1.10)

0.97

(0.55, 1.74)

  > 4 h/week

0.46 ***

(0.34, 0.62)

0.56 **

(0.39, 0.80)

0.48 ***

(0.33, 0.69)

0.55 **

(0.36, 0.85)

0.41**

(0.24, 0.73)

0.59

(0.30, 1.16)

Sitting

  Less than half of the day

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

  At least ¾ of the day

1.04

(0.82, 1.32)

1.05

(0.82, 1.36)

1.01

(0.74, 1.38)

1.06

(0.76, 1.47)

0.95

(0.64, 1.41)

0.97

(0.64 -1.49)

  Almost all day

0.89

(0.68, 1.18)

0.96

(0.71, 1.29)

0.78

(0.54, 1.11)

0.89

(0.61, 1.29)

1.07

(0.67, 1.71)

1.19

(0.72, 1.97)

Mental health

  PHQ-4 sum score

1.30 ***

(1.25, 1.36)

1.23 ***

(1.17, 1.29)

1.34 ***

(1.27, 1.42)

1.26 *** (1.18, 1.34)

1.25 ***

(1.16, 1.35)

1.18***

(1.09, 1.28)

High Disability

Overall (n = 3,478)

Men (n = 2,288)

Women (n = 1,190)

Unadjusted

OR (95% CI)

Adjusted

OR (95% CI)

Unadjusted

OR (95% CI)

Adjusted

OR (95% CI)

Unadjusted

OR (95% CI)

Adjusted

OR (95% CI)

Regular exercise

  No exercise

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

  2–4 h/week

0.42 ^***

(0.32, 0.56)

0.61 ^**

(0.44, 0.86)

0.45 ^***

(0.32, 0.64)

0.68 ⁺

(0.45, 1.03)

0.39 ^***

(0.23, 0.64)

0.47 ^*

(0.25, 0.88)

  > 4 h/week

0.34 ^***

(0.25, 0.47)

0.42 ^***

(0.28, 0.63)

0.37 ^***

(0.25, 0.54)

0.49 **

(0.31, 0.79)

0.29 ^***

(0.16, 0.51)

0.30 ^**

(0.14, 0.63)

Sitting

  Less than half of the day

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

  At least 3/4 of the day

0.64 ^***

(0.50, 0.83)

0.70 ^*

(0.53, 0.93)

0.61

(0.44, 0.84)

0.66 ^*

(0.46, 0.95)

0.62 ^*

(0.41, 0.94)

0.73

(0.45, 1.19)

  Almost all day

0.64 ^**

(0.47, 0.86)

0.80

(0.58, 1.12)

0.55

(0.38, 0.81)

0.71

(0.47, 1.07)

0.73

(0.44, 1.21)

1.00

(0.56, 1.79)

Mental health

  PHQ-4 sum score

1.66 ^***

(1.58, 1.74)

1.50 ^***

(1.43, 1.59)

1.70 ^*** (1.60, 1.81)

1.55 ^*** (1.45, 1.66)

1.62 ^***

(1.5, 1.75)

1.44 ^***

(1.32, 1.56)