Component | Young’s modulus (MPa) | Poisson’s ratio | Cross-sectional area (mm2) |
---|---|---|---|
Bony structures | |||
 Cortical bone | 12,000 | 0.3 | – |
 Cancellous bone | 100 | 0.2 | – |
 Endplate | 500 | 0.4 | – |
 Posterior structure | 3500 | 0.25 | – |
Facet cartilage | 10 | 0.4 | – |
Muscles | 10 | 0.38 | 10 |
Intervertebral disc | |||
 Annulus fibre | 450 | 0.45 | 0.15 |
 Annulus ground | Hyperelastic Mooney-Rivlin C10 = 0.56 C01 = 0.14 | ||
Nucleus pulposus | Hyperelastic Mooney-Rivlin C10 = 0.12 C01 = 0.09 | ||
Ligaments | |||
 ALL | 15 |  – | 11.1 |
 PLL | 10 |  – | 11.3 |
 LF | 5 |  – | 46 |
 ISL | 4 |  – | 12 |
 CL | 7 |  – | 42.2 |
Implants | |||
 Titanium plate/screw | 110,000 | 0.3 | – |