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Table 1 Distribution of vitamin D deficiency according to sociodemographic and clinical data

From: Factors associated with vitamin D deficiency among patients with musculoskeletal disorders seeking physiotherapy intervention: a hospital-based observational study

Variable

All (%) or mean (± SD)

Vitamin D deficiency

P-value

Yes

No

Overall

143 (100%)

76 (53.1)

67 (46.9)

-

Age (year)

49.41 (13.62)

49.16 (13.05)

53.28 (13.49)

0.065

Sex

   

0.569

 Female

91 (63.6)

50 (54.9)

41 (45.1)

 

 Male

52 (36.4)

26 (50)

26 (50)

 

Marital status

   

0.062

 Married

124 (86.7)

71 (57.3)

53 (42.7)

 

 Unmarried

2 (1.4)

0 (0.00)

2 (100)

 

 Divorce

2 (1.4)

1 (50)

1 (50)

 

 Widow

15 (10.5)

4 (26.7)

11 (73.3)

 

BMI

26.35 (3.94)

26.93 (3.84)

25.67 (3.98)

0.050

Household income (BDT)

   

0.324

  < 15,000

24 (16.8)

11 (45.8)

13 (54.2)

 

 15,000–30,000

81 (56.6)

41 (50.6)

40 (49.4)

 

  > 30,000

38 (26.6)

24 (63.2)

14 (36.8)

 

Occupation

   

0.130

 Home maker

76 (53.1)

41 (53.9)

35 (46.1)

 

 Service

37 (25.9)

24 (64.9)

13 (35.1)

 

 Business & Others

17 (11.9)

7 (41.2)

10 (58.8)

 

 Retired

13 (9.1)

4 (30.8)

9 (69.2)

 

Working condition

   

0.069

 Monotonous

37 (25.9)

25 (67.6)

12 (32.4)

 

 Heavy weightlifting

19 (13.3)

7 (36.8)

12 (63.2)

 

 Ordinary

87 (60.8)

44 (50.6)

43 (49.4)

 

Education

   

0.027

 Masters and above

24 (16.8)

16 (66.7)

8 (33.3)

 

 Bachelor

25 (17.5)

17 (68.0)

8 (32.0)

 

 Higher secondary school

22 (15.4)

12 (54.5)

10 (45.5)

 

 Primary to secondary school

57 (39.9)

28 (49.1)

29 (50.9)

 

 No school education

15 (10.5)

3 (20.0)

12 (80.0)

 

Living location

   

 < 0.001

 Urban

106 (74.1)

69 (65.1)

37 (34.9)

 

 Rural

37 (25.9)

7 (18.9)

30 (81.1)

 

Crowding

   

0.236

  ≤ 1.5

68 (47.6)

34 (50.0)

34 (50.0)

 

 1.6–2.0

46 (32.2)

29 (63.0)

17 (37.0)

 

  ≥ 2.1

29 (20.3)

13 (44.8)

16 (55.2)

 

Sun exposure (h/week)

1.40 (± 2.39)

0.37 (1.07)

2.58 (2.90)

 < 0.001

Physical Activity

   

0.363

 No exercise

96 (67.1)

55 (57.3)

41 (42.7)

 

 15–30 min

25 (17.5)

11 (44.0)

14 (56.0)

 

  > 30 min

22 (15.4)

10 (45.5)

12 (54.5)

 

Smoking habit

   

0.601

 No

122 (85.3)

64 (52.5)

58 (47.5)

 

 Yes

14 (9.8)

7 (50.0)

7 (50.0)

 

 Quitted

7 (4.9)

5 (71.4)

2 (28.6)

 

Diabetes

   

0.877

 No

108 (75.5)

57 (52.8)

51 (47.2)

 

 Yes

35 (24.5)

19 (54.3)

16 (45.7)

 

Hypertension

   

0.130

 No

80 (55.9)

47 (58.8)

33 (41.3)

 

 Yes

63 (44.1)

29 (46.0)

34 (54.0)

 

Cardiac condition

   

0.595

 No

132 (92.3)

71 (53.8)

61 (46.2)

 

 Yes

11 (7.7)

5 (45.5)

6 (54.5)

 

Serum Calcium level (mg/dl)

9.50 (± 0.59)

9.39 (0.57)

9.60 (0.61)

0.037

Hemoglobin level (g/dl)

    

 Female

11.55 (± 1.27)

11.57 (1.32)

11.54 (0.93)

0.894

 Male

13.83 (± 1.28)

13.67 (1.22)

13.97 (1.34)

0.410

Nutrition level

   

0.537

 Malnourished

8 (5.6)

5 (62.5)

3 (37.5)

 

 Risk of malnourishment

70 (49.0)

34 (48.6)

36 (51.4)

 

 Nourished

65 (45.5)

37 (56.9)

28 (43.1)

 

X-ray findings

   

0.384

 No degenerative change

21 (14.7)

13 (61.9)

8 (38.1)

 

 Degenerative change

122 (85.3)

63 (51.6)

59 (48.4)

 

Main complaints

   

0.166

 Low back pain

72 (50.3)

38 (52.8)

34 (47.2)

 

 Neck pain

31 (21.7)

21 (67.7)

10 (32.3)

 

 Shoulder pain

16 (11.2)

8 (50.0)

8 (50.0)

 

 Knee pain

24 (16.8)

9 (37.5)

15 (62.5)

 

Pain duration

   

0.811

 Acute

25 (17.5)

12 (48.0)

13 (52.0)

 

 Sub-acute

12 (8.4)

6 (50.0)

6 (50.0)

 

 Chronic

106 (74.1)

58 (54.7)

48 (45.3)

 
  1. Bold p-values are significant at a 5% significance level