Variable | All (%) or mean (± SD) | Vitamin D deficiency | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||
Overall | 143 (100%) | 76 (53.1) | 67 (46.9) | - |
Age (year) | 49.41 (13.62) | 49.16 (13.05) | 53.28 (13.49) | 0.065 |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | 0.569 |
 Female | 91 (63.6) | 50 (54.9) | 41 (45.1) |  |
 Male | 52 (36.4) | 26 (50) | 26 (50) |  |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | 0.062 |
 Married | 124 (86.7) | 71 (57.3) | 53 (42.7) |  |
 Unmarried | 2 (1.4) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (100) |  |
 Divorce | 2 (1.4) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) |  |
 Widow | 15 (10.5) | 4 (26.7) | 11 (73.3) |  |
BMI | 26.35 (3.94) | 26.93 (3.84) | 25.67 (3.98) | 0.050 |
Household income (BDT) | Â | Â | Â | 0.324 |
  < 15,000 | 24 (16.8) | 11 (45.8) | 13 (54.2) |  |
 15,000–30,000 | 81 (56.6) | 41 (50.6) | 40 (49.4) |  |
  > 30,000 | 38 (26.6) | 24 (63.2) | 14 (36.8) |  |
Occupation | Â | Â | Â | 0.130 |
 Home maker | 76 (53.1) | 41 (53.9) | 35 (46.1) |  |
 Service | 37 (25.9) | 24 (64.9) | 13 (35.1) |  |
 Business & Others | 17 (11.9) | 7 (41.2) | 10 (58.8) |  |
 Retired | 13 (9.1) | 4 (30.8) | 9 (69.2) |  |
Working condition | Â | Â | Â | 0.069 |
 Monotonous | 37 (25.9) | 25 (67.6) | 12 (32.4) |  |
 Heavy weightlifting | 19 (13.3) | 7 (36.8) | 12 (63.2) |  |
 Ordinary | 87 (60.8) | 44 (50.6) | 43 (49.4) |  |
Education | Â | Â | Â | 0.027 |
 Masters and above | 24 (16.8) | 16 (66.7) | 8 (33.3) |  |
 Bachelor | 25 (17.5) | 17 (68.0) | 8 (32.0) |  |
 Higher secondary school | 22 (15.4) | 12 (54.5) | 10 (45.5) |  |
 Primary to secondary school | 57 (39.9) | 28 (49.1) | 29 (50.9) |  |
 No school education | 15 (10.5) | 3 (20.0) | 12 (80.0) |  |
Living location |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Urban | 106 (74.1) | 69 (65.1) | 37 (34.9) |  |
 Rural | 37 (25.9) | 7 (18.9) | 30 (81.1) |  |
Crowding | Â | Â | Â | 0.236 |
  ≤ 1.5 | 68 (47.6) | 34 (50.0) | 34 (50.0) |  |
 1.6–2.0 | 46 (32.2) | 29 (63.0) | 17 (37.0) |  |
  ≥ 2.1 | 29 (20.3) | 13 (44.8) | 16 (55.2) |  |
Sun exposure (h/week) | 1.40 (± 2.39) | 0.37 (1.07) | 2.58 (2.90) |  < 0.001 |
Physical Activity | Â | Â | Â | 0.363 |
 No exercise | 96 (67.1) | 55 (57.3) | 41 (42.7) |  |
 15–30 min | 25 (17.5) | 11 (44.0) | 14 (56.0) |  |
  > 30 min | 22 (15.4) | 10 (45.5) | 12 (54.5) |  |
Smoking habit | Â | Â | Â | 0.601 |
 No | 122 (85.3) | 64 (52.5) | 58 (47.5) |  |
 Yes | 14 (9.8) | 7 (50.0) | 7 (50.0) |  |
 Quitted | 7 (4.9) | 5 (71.4) | 2 (28.6) |  |
Diabetes | Â | Â | Â | 0.877 |
 No | 108 (75.5) | 57 (52.8) | 51 (47.2) |  |
 Yes | 35 (24.5) | 19 (54.3) | 16 (45.7) |  |
Hypertension | Â | Â | Â | 0.130 |
 No | 80 (55.9) | 47 (58.8) | 33 (41.3) |  |
 Yes | 63 (44.1) | 29 (46.0) | 34 (54.0) |  |
Cardiac condition | Â | Â | Â | 0.595 |
 No | 132 (92.3) | 71 (53.8) | 61 (46.2) |  |
 Yes | 11 (7.7) | 5 (45.5) | 6 (54.5) |  |
Serum Calcium level (mg/dl) | 9.50 (± 0.59) | 9.39 (0.57) | 9.60 (0.61) | 0.037 |
Hemoglobin level (g/dl) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Female | 11.55 (± 1.27) | 11.57 (1.32) | 11.54 (0.93) | 0.894 |
 Male | 13.83 (± 1.28) | 13.67 (1.22) | 13.97 (1.34) | 0.410 |
Nutrition level | Â | Â | Â | 0.537 |
 Malnourished | 8 (5.6) | 5 (62.5) | 3 (37.5) |  |
 Risk of malnourishment | 70 (49.0) | 34 (48.6) | 36 (51.4) |  |
 Nourished | 65 (45.5) | 37 (56.9) | 28 (43.1) |  |
X-ray findings | Â | Â | Â | 0.384 |
 No degenerative change | 21 (14.7) | 13 (61.9) | 8 (38.1) |  |
 Degenerative change | 122 (85.3) | 63 (51.6) | 59 (48.4) |  |
Main complaints | Â | Â | Â | 0.166 |
 Low back pain | 72 (50.3) | 38 (52.8) | 34 (47.2) |  |
 Neck pain | 31 (21.7) | 21 (67.7) | 10 (32.3) |  |
 Shoulder pain | 16 (11.2) | 8 (50.0) | 8 (50.0) |  |
 Knee pain | 24 (16.8) | 9 (37.5) | 15 (62.5) |  |
Pain duration | Â | Â | Â | 0.811 |
 Acute | 25 (17.5) | 12 (48.0) | 13 (52.0) |  |
 Sub-acute | 12 (8.4) | 6 (50.0) | 6 (50.0) |  |
 Chronic | 106 (74.1) | 58 (54.7) | 48 (45.3) |  |