Table 1 Summary of all studies

De Luna et al. [13]

2017

50

Prospective cohort

Adult

Scoliosis

Varied

Povidone-Iodine 0.3%

2 L

0% vs 12% (Post vs Pre)

N/A

N/A

Fei et al. [14]

2017

160

Prospective cohort

Adult

Prolapsed lumbar intervertebral discs

Lumbar

Povidone-Iodine 0.1%

200 mL

0% vs 20% (Iodine vs Saline, Muscle layer)

N/A

N/A

Cheng et al. [15]

2005

417

RCT

Adult

Varied

Varied

Povidone-Iodine 0.35%

5 mL diluted

0% vs 3.4% (Post vs. Pre)

0% vs 2.9% (Post vs. Pre)

0% vs 0.5% (Post vs. Pre)

Chang et al. [16]

2006

435

RCT

Adult

Lumbosacral segmental instability

Lumbosacral

Povidone-Iodine 0.35%

N/A

0% vs 4.8%

N/A

N/A

Sigari et al. [17]

2020

936

RCT

Adult

Scoliosis or other degenerative disease

Varied

Povidone-Iodine 3.0% soaked for 2 min

N/A

1.1% (Study) vs 4.5% (Control)

0.42% (Study) vs 1.9% (Control)

0.64% (Study) vs 2.6% (Control)

Savitz et al. [18]

1998

50

Retrospective cohort

Adult

N/A

N/A

50,000 units

polymyxin and 50,000 units of bacitracin

1L saline

N/A

N/A

N/A

Mastronardi [19]

2005

1167

Retrospective cohort

Adult

Disc herniation

Lumbar

Rifamicin

N/A

0.63% (Study) vs 0.66% (Control)

N/A

N/A

Watanabe et al. [20]

2010

223

Retrospective cohort

Pediatric and Adult

Varied

Varied

Saline

N/A

6,3%

N/A

N/A

Kaliaperumal [21]

2013

3063

Retrospective cohort

Adult

Microdiscectomies

Lumbar

Savlon (chlorhexdine)

N/A

0.18% (Saline) vs 0.09% (Savlon)

N/A

N/A

Tomov et al. [22]

2015

2425

Retrospective cohort

Adult

Varied

Varied

Povidone-Iodine 0.3%

N/A

1.3% vs 2.4% (Post vs Pre)

N/A

N/A

van Herwijnen [23]

2016

118

Retrospective cohort

Pediatric

Scoliosis

Varied

80 mg Gentamicin diluted in saline

1L

26.7% (Gentamicin) vs 7.0% (PVP-I) vs 6.2% (PVP-I + Vanc)

20.0% (Gentamicin) vs 4.2%% (PVP-I) vs 3.1% (PVP-I + Vanc)

6.7% (Gentamicin) vs 2.8% (PVP-I) vs 3.1% (PVP-I + Vanc)

Yamada et al. [24]

2018

1042

Retrospective cohort

Adult

N/A

Varied

Povidone-Iodine 0.38%

20 mL diluted in 500 mL saline

0.7% vs 3.8% (Post vs Pre)

N/A

N/A

Karaarslan [25]

2018

166

Retrospective cohort

Adult

Spinal stenosis and spondylolisthesis

Lumbar

3 mL Rifampicin diluted with 5 mL saline

8 mL

1.2% (Rifampicin) vs 2.5% (Saline)

N/A

N/A

Lemans et al. [26]

2019

853

Retrospective cohort

Adult

N/A

Varied

Povidone-Iodine 0.013%

500 mL at 1.3 g/L

N/A

9.7% vs 9.7% (Post vs. Pre)

0.9% vs 5.1% (Post vs. Pre)

Onishi et al. [27]

2019

323

Retrospective cohort

Adult

N/A

Varied

Povidone-Iodine 1.0% pooled every 1.5 h

N/A

1.7% (Study) vs 3.4% (Control)

0.0% (Study) vs 2.7% (Control)

1.7% (Study) vs 0.7% (Control)

Tipper et al. [28]

2020

414

Retrospective cohort

Pediatric

Scoliosis

Varied

Saline

N/A

2,2%

N/A

N/A

Chen et al. [29]

2020

2626

Retrospective cohort

Adult

Spinal canal stenosis, disc herniation, spondylolisthesis, and/or degenerative scoliosis;

Thoracic/Lumbar

3% Hydrogen Peroxide

50 mL

1.4% (Hydrogen Peroxide) vs 2.4% (Saline)

0.2% (Hydrogen Peroxide) vs 1.1% (Saline)

1.2% (Hydrogen Peroxide) vs 1.3% (Saline)

Carballo Cuello et al. [30]

2021

278

Retrospective cohort

Adult

N/A

Lumbar

Povidone-Iodine 0.35%

35 ml of sterile 10% PVP-I in 1L of 0.9% saline

6.7% (saline) vs 0.7% (PVP-I

N/A

N/A