Fig. 4

Distribution of minimum principal stress in different loading conditions for model A: (a) 1000 N.mm pronation (maximum and minimum in the head of the radius bone), (b) 1000 N.mm supination (maximum in the head of the ulna bone and minimum in the head of the radius bone), (c) 30 N volar (maximum and minimum at the end of the ulna), (d) 30 N dorsal (maximum and minimum at the end of the ulna), (e) 150 N traction (maximum in the head of the ulna bone and minimum in the head of the radius bone), and model B: (f) 1000 N.mm pronation (maximum on the external surface of the head of the ulna and minimum on the internal surface of the head of the radius bone), (g) 1000 N.mm supination (maximum in the middle of the external surface of the ulna and minimum at the head of the ulna), (h) 30 N volar (maximum in the middle of the posterior surface of the ulna and minimum at the end of the ulna), (i) 30 N dorsal (maximum and minimum in the middle of the external surface of the ulna), (j) 150 N traction (maximum in the middle of the posterior surface of the ulna and minimum at the head of the ulna)