Fig. 3

Distribution of maximum principal stress in different loading conditions for model A: (a) 1000 N.mm pronation (maximum in the head of the ulna, minimum in the head of the radius) (b) 1000 N.mm supination (maximum and minimum on the inner surface of the radius head) (c) 30 N volar (maximum and minimum at the end of the ulna bone) (d) 30 N dorsal (maximum at the end of the ulna bone and the minimum at the inner surface of the head of the radius bone) (e) 150 N traction (maximum in the head of the radius and minimum in the inner surface of the humerus bone), and model B: (f) 1000 N.mm pronation (maximum in the middle of the inner surface of the ulna bone and minimum at the outer surface of the head of the ulna) (g) 1000 N.mm supination (maximum and minimum in the middle of the external surface of the ulna) (h) 30 N volar (maximum and minimum in the middle of the posterior surface of the ulna) (i) 30 N dorsal (maximum in the middle of the outer surface of the ulna and minimum at the end of the ulna bone) (j) 150 N traction (maximum at the head of the ulna and minimum at the middle of the external surface of the ulna)