Table 1 Demographic characteristics of study participants
Variables | Male (n = 2773) Group 1 (n = 1178) (8 ≤ Age ≤ 18) | Group 2 (n = 1117) (18 < Age ≤ 50) | Group 3 (n = 478) (50 < Age ≤ 69) | p | Female (n = 2564) Group 1 (n = 1160) (8 ≤ Age ≤ 18) | Group 2 (n = 975) (18 < Age ≤ 50) | Group 3 (n = 429) (50 < Age ≤ 69) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, y | 13.43 ± 3.03 | 33.35 ± 9.75 | 59.71 ± 5.44 | < 0.001 | 13.28 ± 3.10 | 33.45 ± 9.79 | 59.53 ± 5.35 | < 0.001 |
Race, n(%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Mexcina | 380 (32.26%) | 291 (26.05%) | 95 (19.87%) | 384 (33.10%) | 228 (23.38%) | 83 (19.35%) | ||
Other Hispanic | 31 (2.63%) | 44 (3.94%) | 8 (1.67%) | 35 (3.02%) | 39 (4.00%) | 11 (2.56%) | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 309 (26.23%) | 475 (42.52%) | 239 (50.00%) | 302 (26.03%) | 419 (42.97%) | 220 (51.28%) | ||
Non-Hispanic Black | 395 (33.53%) | 269 (24.08%) | 119 (24.90%) | 376 (32.41%) | 231 (23.69%) | 99 (23.08%) | ||
Other | 63 (5.35%) | 38 (3.40%) | 17 (3.56%) | 63 (5.43%) | 58 (5.95%) | 16 (3.73%) | ||
Poverty income ratio | 2.28 ± 1.49 | 2.64 ± 1.61 | 3.04 ± 1.60 | < 0.001 | 2.18 ± 1.50 | 2.70 ± 1.62 | 2.95 ± 1.59 | < 0.001 |
Smoking, n(%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Never smoking | 0 (0.00%) | 503 (45.03%) | 156 (32.64%) | 0 (0.00%) | 545 (55.90%) | 239 (55.71%) | ||
Current smoking | 0 (0.00%) | 321 (28.74%) | 137 (28.66%) | 0 (0.00%) | 207 (21.23%) | 78 (18.18%) | ||
Quit smoking | 0 (0.00%) | 185 (16.56%) | 185 (38.70%) | 0 (0.00%) | 125 (12.82%) | 112 (26.11%) | ||
Data unavailable | 1178 (100.00%) | 108 (9.67%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1160 (100.00%) | 98 (10.05%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
Physical activity, n(%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Sedentary | 61 (5.18%) | 166 (14.86%) | 102 (21.34%) | 73 (6.29%) | 210 (21.54%) | 102 (23.78%) | ||
Low | 170 (14.43%) | 496 (44.40%) | 236 (49.37%) | 185 (15.95%) | 550 (56.41%) | 242 (56.41%) | ||
Moderate | 95 (8.06%) | 239 (21.40%) | 92 (19.25%) | 77 (6.64%) | 178 (18.26%) | 76 (17.72%) | ||
Vigorous | 38 (3.23%) | 215 (19.25%) | 47 (9.83%) | 3 (0.26%) | 37 (3.79%) | 9 (2.10%) | ||
Data unavailable | 814 (69.10%) | 1 (0.09%) | 1 (0.21%) | 822 (70.86%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
Alcohol use, n(%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Lifetime abstainers | 0 (0.00%) | 58 (5.19%) | 24 (5.02%) | 0 (0.00%) | 139 (14.26%) | 79 (18.41%) | ||
Former drinkers | 0 (0.00%) | 95 (8.50%) | 65 (13.60%) | 0 (0.00%) | 161 (16.51%) | 103 (24.01%) | ||
Moderate drinker | 0 (0.00%) | 286 (25.60%) | 190 (39.75%) | 0 (0.00%) | 140 (14.36%) | 90 (20.98%) | ||
Heavy drinker | 0 (0.00%) | 472 (42.26%) | 114 (23.85%) | 0 (0.00%) | 355 (36.41%) | 101 (23.54%) | ||
Data unavailable | 1178 (100.00%) | 206 (18.44%) | 85 (17.78%) | 1160 (100.00%) | 180 (18.46%) | 56 (13.05%) | ||
Laboratory examination | ||||||||
ALP, U/L | 194.81 ± 110.7 | 71.46 ± 28.48 | 73.62 ± 25.05 | < 0.001 | 104.72 ± 61.29 | 63.77 ± 19.73 | 77.32 ± 22.79 | < 0.001 |
Total calcium, mmol/L | 2.44 ± 0.08 | 2.40 ± 0.08 | 2.37 ± 0.09 | < 0.001 | 2.41 ± 0.07 | 2.36 ± 0.08 | 2.39 ± 0.10 | < 0.001 |
Creatinine, μmmol/L | 72.63 ± 15.27 | 88.17 ± 14.84 | 98.73 ± 80.20 | < 0.001 | 62.72 ± 10.57 | 68.35 ± 16.71 | 76.73 ± 32.75 | < 0.001 |
Glucose, mmol/L | 4.90 ± 0.86 | 5.26 ± 1.53 | 6.25 ± 2.84 | < 0.001 | 4.77 ± 0.55 | 5.05 ± 1.42 | 6.01 ± 2.52 | < 0.001 |
UA, μmmol/L | 322.59 ± 69.53 | 351.30 ± 68.93 | 355.52 ± 78.28 | < 0.001 | 257.36 ± 49.97 | 264.74 ± 57.90 | 295.49 ± 74.79 | < 0.001 |
Parathyroid, pg/mL | 40.93 ± 27.08 | 38.81 ± 17.76 | 49.97 ± 37.29 | < 0.001 | 41.18 ± 20.70 | 41.59 ± 19.74 | 47.92 ± 24.53 | < 0.001 |
BMD, gm/cm2 | ||||||||
Total body BMD | 1.03 ± 0.16 | 1.23 ± 0.11 | 1.20 ± 0.12 | < 0.001 | 1.01 ± 0.14 | 1.15 ± 0.10 | 1.08 ± 0.11 | < 0.001 |
Total femur BMD | 0.94 ± 0.19 | 1.08 ± 0.14 | 1.02 ± 0.15 | < 0.001 | 0.88 ± 0.16 | 0.97 ± 0.13 | 0.88 ± 0.14 | < 0.001 |
Femoral neck BMD | 0.87 ± 0.17 | 0.94 ± 0.15 | 0.84 ± 0.13 | < 0.001 | 0.82 ± 0.16 | 0.87 ± 0.13 | 0.76 ± 0.13 | < 0.001 |
Inter-trochante BMD | 1.06 ± 0.23 | 1.27 ± 0.17 | 1.20 ± 0.17 | < 0.001 | 1.00 ± 0.20 | 1.14 ± 0.15 | 1.05 ± 0.17 | < 0.001 |
Lumbar spine BMD | 0.87 ± 0.19 | 1.06 ± 0.15 | 1.07 ± 0.18 | < 0.001 | 0.93 ± 0.18 | 1.07 ± 0.14 | 0.99 ± 0.17 | < 0.001 |
Lumbar Pelvis BMD | 1.14 ± 0.25 | 1.39 ± 0.19 | 1.31 ± 0.19 | < 0.001 | 1.15 ± 0.22 | 1.31 ± 0.16 | 1.21 ± 0.16 | < 0.001 |
Physical examination | ||||||||
Weight, kg | 59.23 ± 21.60 | 84.33 ± 16.16 | 85.81 ± 15.66 | < 0.001 | 55.24 ± 18.49 | 72.11 ± 16.96 | 74.27 ± 16.16 | < 0.001 |
Standing height, cm | 160.95 ± 16.41 | 175.52 ± 7.82 | 174.54 ± 7.68 | < 0.001 | 154.43 ± 12.11 | 162.15 ± 6.76 | 161.09 ± 6.94 | < 0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 22.19 ± 5.45 | 27.34 ± 4.76 | 28.08 ± 4.67 | < 0.001 | 22.69 ± 5.77 | 27.41 ± 6.14 | 28.55 ± 5.58 | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm | 77.22 ± 15.07 | 95.06 ± 13.03 | 102.02 ± 12.50 | < 0.001 | 77.54 ± 14.29 | 90.35 ± 14.11 | 95.53 ± 13.43 | < 0.001 |