Table 5 Mean, standard deviation, effect size and comparasions intra-moments of the intervention: T0, T3 and T6 and inter-groups: minimalist flexible footwear (MFG), custom orthopaedic insole combined minimalist flexible footwear (COIG) and control (CG) for plantar pressure distribution of the women with calcaneus spur

Forefoot

Contact area (cm)

MFG (1)

COIG (2)

12.3 ± 1.4

16.4 ± 9.1

11.4 ± 1.4

12.2 ± 1.5

11.1 ± 1.4

11.4 ± 1.2

10.1–12.1

10.8–12.0

0.024^1–3

0.012^1–3

CG (3)

11.5 ± 1.7

11.6 ± 1.5

12.1 ± 1.3

10.5–12.7

0.849

p*

0.022^{1–2;1–3;2–3}

0.614

0.392

Midfoot

Contact area (cm)

MFG (1)

COIG (2)

29.5 ± 12.9

34.4 ± 15.4

15.2 ± 11.1

31.5 ± 14.4

14.9 ± 11.3

26.9 ± 10.0

11.8–22.8

19.8–31.0

0.010^1–2;1–3

0.208

CG (3)

23.6 ± 11.9

23.6 ± 11.8

22.9 ± 12.2

15.4–32.1

0.988

p*

0.001^1–3;2–3

0.041^1–2;2–3

0.008^1–2

Medial Rearfoot

Contact area (cm)

MFG (1)

COIG (2)

20.8 ± 1.8

21.4 ± 2.9

20.5 ± 2.1

21.5 ± 3.3

20.0 ± 2.6

20.3 ± 2.4

18.0–21.8

19.0–21.4

0.548

0.352

CG (3)

20.4 ± 3.6

19.9 ± 4.3

20.1 ± 3.0

17.8–22.9

0.961

p*

0.001^1–3;2–3

0.623

0.965

Lateral Rearfoot

Contact area (cm)

MFG (1)

COIG (2)

21.7 ± 1.8

21.8 ± 2.8

20.7 ± 1.7

23.0 ± 4.2

19.8 ± 1.9

21.3 ± 2.2

18.4–21.1

20.0–22.4

0.026^1–3

0.227

CG (3)

20.6 ± 3.9

21.2 ± 3.3

21.8 ± 3.8

17.7–23.4

0.972

p*

0.001^1–3;2–3

0.094

0.171

Forefoot

Maximum force (N/BW)

MFG (1)

COIG (2)

0.19 ± 0.02

0.19 ± 0.04

0.20 ± 0.03

0.18 ± 0.02

0.18 ± 0.04

0.18 ± 0.03

0.16–0.19

0.15–0.19

0.032^1–3

0.575

CG (3)

0.18 ± 0.03

0.19 ± 0.03

0.19 ± 0.02

0.16–0.21

0.985

p*

0.401

0.343

0.852

Midfoot

Maximum force (N/BW)

MFG (1)

COIG (2)

0.26 ± 0.14

0.32 ± 0.21

0.12 ± 0.11

0.31 ± 0.23

0.11 ± 0.10

0.23 ± 0.13

0.11–0.18

0.16–0.28

0.023^1–3

0.029^1–3

CG (3)

0.18 ± 0.03

0.19 ± 0.03

0.19 ± 0.04

0.10–0.22

0.904

p*

0.001^{1–2;1–3;2–3}

0.034^1–2;2–3

0.012^1–2;2–3

Medial rearfoot

Maximum force (N/BW)

MFG (1)

COIG (2)

0.34 ± 0.07

0.33 ± 0.06

0.38 ± 0.08

0.34 ± 0.07

0.33 ± 0.06

0.31 ± 0.06

0.26–0.35

0.30–0.37

0.570

0.236

CG (3)

0.31 ± 0.05

0.32 ± 0.05

0.32 ± 0.04

0.26–0.35

0.798

p*

0.136

0.147

0.318

Lateral rearfoot

Maximum force (N/BW)

MFG (1)

COIG (2)

0.33 ± 0.05

0.35 ± 0.09

0.34 ± 0.06

0.38 ± 0.08

0.29 ± 0.05

0.34 ± 0.06

0.25–0.32

0.32–0.38

0.085

0.353

CG (3)

0.31 ± 0.05

0.30 ± 0.04

0.32 ± 0.07

0.27–0.35

0.787

p*

0.257

0.004^2–3

0.033^1–2;1–3

Forefoot

Peak Pressure (kPa)

MFG (1)

COIG (2)

277.0 ± 36.3

280.4 ± 29.4

309.5 ± 18.2

301.5 ± 21.6

290.0 ± 23.9

310.0 ± 29.0

278.6–331.0

295.6–324.4

0.023^1–2;1–3

0.017^1–2;1–3

CG (3)

315.9 ± 47.4

317.9 ± 44.6

316.5 ± 46.5

282.0–349.8

0.774

p*

0.023^1–3;2–3

0.812

0.046^1–2;1–3

Midfoot

Peak Pressure (kPa)

MFG (1)

COIG (2)

178.7 ± 35.2

183.1 ± 55.1

175.3 ± 12.1

190.5 ± 54.8

145.5 ± 10.1

183.2 ± 40.2

97.0–195.7

163.2–203.2

0.003^1–3

0.868

CG (3)

153.3 ± 37.7

154.2 ± 37.0

152.2 ± 38.8

126.3–180.3

0.904

p*

0.013^1–3;2–3

0.115

0.001^1–2;1–3

Medial rearfoot

Peak Pressure (kPa)

MFG (1)

COIG (2)

280.7 ± 31.0

285.4 ± 37.6

297.3 ± 41.7

309.3 ± 30.6

268.5 ± 29.2

305.3 ± 49.8

258.0–305.6

280.5–330.0

0.037^;1–3;2–3

0.008^1–3;2–3

CG (3)

246.8 ± 31.9

247.9 ± 34.1

249.5 ± 37.6

249.0–342.2

0.912

p*

0.001^1–3;2–3

0.008^1–3;2–3

0.002^{–1−2; 2–3}

Lateral rearfoot

Peak Pressure (kPa)

MFG (1)

COIG (2)

264.0 ± 38.0

268.1 ± 43.8

292.4 ± 41.3

298.4 ± 35.2

271.7 ± 31.6

302.2 ± 56.2

258.0–305.1

280.5–330.0

0.001^1–3

0.023^1–3

CG (3)

266.3 ± 37.1

264.5 ± 35.4

263.3 ± 34.7

249.0–342.2

0.983

p*

0.181

0.098

0.007^{–1−2; 2–3}