Table 3 Mean, standard deviation, effect size and inter-groups comparisons: minimalist flexible footwear (MFG) and custom orthopaedic insole combined minimalist flexible footwear (COIG) and intra-moments of the intervention: T0 (baseline), T3 and T6 (months) for primary outcomes: FSHQ-Br (Foot Health Status) in women with plantar calcaneus spur (PCS)

Foot Health Status – (FSHQ-Br) (0—100)

MFG (1)

48.8 ± 11.0

59.6 ± 14.1

90.7 ± 9.5

10.5–53.2¹

15.7–61.4²

92.3–98.5³

0.001^1–3;2–3

COIG (2)

48.3 ± 17.0

60.1 ± 16.7

94.5 ± 6.9

29.9–62.2¹

35.2–70.5²

89.3–95.0³

0.010^1–3;2–3

CG (3)

84.4 ± 7.9

85.1 ± 6.7

85.4 ± 6.9

80.9–92.3¹

85.7–89.3²

82.5–91.4³

0.839

p*

0.005^1–3;2–3

0.096

0.030^1–3

Foot Pain

MFG (1)

18.5 ± 1.6

8.8 ± 2.2

5.4 ± 1.8

17.6–19.7¹

7.5–10.3²

4.4–7.0³

0.011^{1–2; 1–3;2–3}

COIG (2)

17.6 ± 1.4

8.3 ± 3.5

7.0 ± 4.9

16.7–18.9¹

6.2–10.4²

4.1–9.9³

0.001^{1–2; 1–3}

CG (3)

17.8 ± 2.5

17.6 ± 2.5

18.0 ± 2.8

16.8–18.0¹

15.5–18.9²

14.2–18.5³

0.969

p*

0.015^1–3;2–3

0.019^1–3;2–3

0.021^{1–3; 2–3}

Foot Function

MFG (1)

1.7 ± 1.0

3.7 ± 0.8

17.6 ± 2.9

0.4–2.9¹

1.0–7.4²

15.6–19.3³

0.001^{1–2; 1–3}

COIG (2)

2.7 ± 1.6

4.0 ± 3.5

16.3 ± 4.8

1.4–3.9¹

1.8–6.0²

13.5–19.4³

0.001^{1–2; 1–3}

CG (3)

24.8 ± 0.7

25.0 ± 0.9

25.0 ± 0.9

19.8–27.5¹

21.8–29.2²

23.5–30.2³

0.661

p*

0.010^1–3;2–3

0.001^1–3;2–3

0.040^1–3;2–3

Footwear

MFG (1)

5.5 ± 2.6

5.0 ± 3.0

3.2 ± 1.4

4.0–7.2¹

0.2–5.3²

0.3–3.8³

0.015^1–3

COIG (2)

5.9 ± 2.5

4.5 ± 3.3

4.2 ± 3.6

4.4–7.5¹

1.2–6.0²

0.4–7.4³

0.027 ^1–3

CG (3)

9.6 ± 3.7

10.0 ± 4.1

10.5 ± 4.7

6.6–10¹

6.1–9.8²

7.5–10.8³

0.890

p*

0.020^1–3;2–3

0.016^1–3;2–3

0.001^1–3;2–3

General foot health

MFG (1)

3.6 ± 1.4

2.6 ± 1.8

9.3 ± 1.5

1.6–3.8¹

1.5–4.7²

8.3–10.2³

0.001^{1–2; 1–3}

COIG (2)

2.6 ± 1.5

3.2 ± 1.9

9.6 ± 0.8

1.8–3.4¹

1.5–5.2²

8.2–10.0³

0.007^{1–2; 1–3}

CG (3)

13.9 ± 3.8

13.9 ± 3.9

14.0 ± 4.1

10.8–14.5¹

10.5–14.7²

10.8–15.0³

0.740

p*

0.001^1–3;2–3

0.001^1–3;2–3

0.014^1–3;2–3