Exercise type | Description |
---|---|
Aerobic training | Aerobic exercises aim to improve the efficiency and capacity of the cardiorespiratory system [41] |
Aquatic exercises | Aquatic exercises are any exercises performed in water, such as running, active range of motion, or strengthening [14] |
Motor Control Exercises | Motor control exercises (MCE) aim to restore the neuromuscular control of the muscles stabilizing the spine and are graded from low load exercises into activation during functional exercises and activities [42] |
Pilates | Pilates exercises follow the traditional Pilates principles, such as centering, concentration, control, precision, flow, and breathing [43] |
Resistance training | Resistance training includes exercises to improve the strength, power, endurance, and size of skeletal muscles [41] |
Sling exercises | Sling exercises use slings and elastic bands to offset body weight and progress the exercises without pain [44] |
Traditional Chinese exercises | Tai Chi and Qigong, two common types of traditional Chinese mind–body techniques, also referred to as traditional Chinese exercises (TCE), include low-to-moderate intensity exercises coordinated with slow body movement and focus on a physical-mental connection [20] |
Walking | Walking interventions use outdoor walking (with or without supervision), treadmill walking, and/or Nordic walking as therapeutic programs in patients with chronic LBP [45] |
Yoga | Yoga exercises follow the traditional yoga principles with a physical component [46] |