Table 1 The standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC) were presented by the mean (mm²) and percentage (%) of the intervertebral foramen area before and after spinal therapeutic exercise movements, including cervical flexion-extension, protrusion-retraction, and lateral flexion toward or away from the affected side

SEM

Flexion before treatment

Extension before treatment

Flexion after treatment

Extension after treatment

Mean

0.197

0.289

0.340

0.409

%

0.431%

0.633%

0.744%

0.897%

Protrusion before treatment

Retraction before treatment

Protrusion after treatment

Retraction after treatment

Mean

0.267

0.156

0.392

0.268

%

0.584%

0.342%

0.859%

0.587%

Lateral flexion toward before treatment

Lateral flexion away before treatment

Lateral flexion toward after treatment

Lateral flexion away after treatment

Mean

0.203

0.208

0.272

0.309

%

0.443%

0.454%

0.595%

0.675%

Total

0.276

0.604%

MDC

Flexion before treatment

Extension before treatment

Flexion after treatment

Extension after treatment

Mean

0.478

0.702

0.825

0.994

%

1.046%

1.536%

1.805%

2.174%

Protrusion before treatment

Retraction before treatment

Protrusion after treatment

Retraction after treatment

Mean

0.648

0.378

0.952

0.650

%

1.417%

0.828%

2.083%

1.423%

Lateral flexion toward before treatment

Lateral flexion away before treatment

Lateral flexion toward after treatment

Lateral flexion away after treatment

Mean

0.491

0.503

0.660

0.748

%

1.074%

1.101%

1.444%

1.637%

Total

0.797

1.745%