Fig. 3
From: FK506 increases susceptibility to musculoskeletal infection in a rodent model
Activation of the immune system by S. aureus. S. aureus pathogen associated molecular pathogens (PAMPS) are recognized by the TLRs of macrophages, neutrophils, and DCs to initiate the innate immune response. Additionally, bacteria stimulate osteoblasts to express a number of cytokines, such as interleukins − 6, − 8, and − 12 (IL6, IL8, and IL12), chemokines, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), macrophage inflammatory proteins 1α and 2α (MIP-1α and MIP-2α), RANTES, and interferon gamma induced protein 10 (IP-10), and proteins CD40 and MHCII. Together these activate both innate immunity, through macrophage activation, and adaptive immunity, through CD4+ Th1 T-cell activation