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Table 1 Normal bone: material properties and elements of the lumbar spine model and the implants

From: Effects of osteoporosis on the biomechanics of various supplemental fixations co-applied with oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF): a finite element analysis

Component

Young’s modulus (MPa)

Poisson’s ratio

Element types

Cortical

12,000 (7920)

0.3

C3D8R

Cancellous

100 (33)

0.3

C3D4

Posterior element

3500 (2310)

0.3

C3D4

Endplate

24 (16)

0.4

C3D8R

Sacrum

5000

0.2

C3D4

Cage

3600

0.25

C3D8R

Screws and rods

110,000

0.3

C3D8R

Lateral plate

110,000

0.3

C3D8R

Facet cartilage

Neo-Hookean, C10 = 2

C3D8RH

Annulus ground

Mooney–Rivlin, C1 = 0.18, C2 = 0.045

C3D8RH

Nucleus pulposus

Mooney–Rivlin, C1 = 0.12, C2 = 0.03

C3D8RH

Annulus fibers

Calibrated stress–strain curves

Spring

Seven ligaments

Calibrated deflection–force curves

Spring

  1. Seven ligaments: anterior longitudinal ligament; posterior longitudinal ligament; intertransverse ligament; ligamentum flavum; supraspinous ligament; interspinous ligament; capsular ligament