| Patients with shoulder pain | Healthy participants n = 50 | Comparison between groups P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Type 2 diabetes mellitus n = 66 | Without diabetes mellitus n = 23 | |||
Age | < 0.0011 | |||
 mean, SD | 63.0 ± 6.9 | 54.5 ± 9.2 | 50.0 ± 11.0 | |
 range (years) | 38–70 | 35–69 | 31–67 | |
 Female sex | 19 (28.8) | 15 (65.2) | 30 (60.0) | < 0.0012 |
BMI (kg/m2) | < 0.0013 | |||
 mean ± SD | 28.5 ± 4.2 | 27.5 ± 3.5 | 23.8 ± 2.9 | |
 range | 16–41.5 | 21–36 | 18.1–31.5 | |
Dominant shoulder affected | 26 (39.3) | 8 (34.7) | NA | 0.001 |
Bilateral shoulder pain | 27 (40.9) | 3 (13.0) | NA | 0.020 |
Duration of diabetes mellitus | NA | |||
 mean ± SD | 9.0 ± 5.5 | NA | NA | |
 range (years) | 1–27 |  |  | |
Hemoglobin A1c (mmol/mol) | NA | |||
 mean ± SD | 55.7 ± 7.7 | NA | NA | |
 range | 43–75 |  |  | |
Stiff hand syndrome | 28 (42.4) | 4 (17.3) | NA | 0.043 |
Signs of cervical radiculopathy | 9 (13.6) | 3 (13.0) | NA | 0.626 |
Signs of shoulder neuropathy | ||||
 DN4 score ≥ 5 | 2 (3.0) | 0 | NA | 1.000 |
 Winging scapula | 8 (12.1) | 3 (13.0) |  | 1.000 |
 Muscle atrophy | 2 (6.0)* | 0 |  | 1.000 |
DSP# | ||||
 Clinical | 19 (28.8) | 4 (17.4) | NA | 0.408 |
 Subclinical | 18 (27.3) | 9 (39.1) |  | 0.309 |
Shoulder diagnosis | ||||
 SAPS | 58 (61.2)§ | 18 (69.2)§§ |  | 0.519 |
 Glenohumeral disorders | 17 (18.2)§ | 6 (23.1)§§ | NA | 0.584 |
 Other (e.g. ACJ-disorders) | 18 (20.4)§ | 2 (0.1)§§ |  | 0.237 |
Full-thickness tendon tear | ||||
 Supraspinatus | 8 (12.1) | 0 | NA | 0.058 |
 Infraspinatus | 0 | 0 |  |