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Table 1 Demographic and clinical variables of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and without diabetes mellitus suffering from shoulder pain and healthy participants

From: Shoulder muscle changes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have a painful shoulder: a quantitative muscle ultrasound study

 

Patients with shoulder pain

Healthy participants

n = 50

Comparison between groups

P-value

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

n = 66

Without diabetes mellitus

n = 23

Age

< 0.0011

 mean, SD

63.0 ± 6.9

54.5 ± 9.2

50.0 ± 11.0

 range (years)

38–70

35–69

31–67

 Female sex

19 (28.8)

15 (65.2)

30 (60.0)

< 0.0012

BMI (kg/m2)

< 0.0013

 mean ± SD

28.5 ± 4.2

27.5 ± 3.5

23.8 ± 2.9

 range

16–41.5

21–36

18.1–31.5

Dominant shoulder affected

26 (39.3)

8 (34.7)

NA

0.001

Bilateral shoulder pain

27 (40.9)

3 (13.0)

NA

0.020

Duration of diabetes mellitus

NA

 mean ± SD

9.0 ± 5.5

NA

NA

 range (years)

1–27

  

Hemoglobin A1c (mmol/mol)

NA

 mean ± SD

55.7 ± 7.7

NA

NA

 range

43–75

  

Stiff hand syndrome

28 (42.4)

4 (17.3)

NA

0.043

Signs of cervical radiculopathy

9 (13.6)

3 (13.0)

NA

0.626

Signs of shoulder neuropathy

 DN4 score ≥ 5

2 (3.0)

0

NA

1.000

 Winging scapula

8 (12.1)

3 (13.0)

 

1.000

 Muscle atrophy

2 (6.0)*

0

 

1.000

DSP#

 Clinical

19 (28.8)

4 (17.4)

NA

0.408

 Subclinical

18 (27.3)

9 (39.1)

 

0.309

Shoulder diagnosis

 SAPS

58 (61.2)§

18 (69.2)§§

 

0.519

 Glenohumeral disorders

17 (18.2)§

6 (23.1)§§

NA

0.584

 Other (e.g. ACJ-disorders)

18 (20.4)§

2 (0.1)§§

 

0.237

Full-thickness tendon tear

 Supraspinatus

8 (12.1)

0

NA

0.058

 Infraspinatus

0

0

 
  1. Values are presented as absolute number and percentage unless otherwise stated; SD: standard deviation; DN4: Douleur Neuropathique 4 questionnaire; DSP: distal symmetric polyneuropathy; SAPS: Subacromial Pain Syndrome; ACJ: Acromioclavicular; * atrophy of the following muscles was observed: deltoid (n = 1, 1.5%), supraspinatus (n = 2, 3.0%), infraspinatus (n = 1, 1.5%); # Detailed overview of all DSP results are presented in Table S1 (supplementary data); §:based on 93 symptomatic shoulders; §§:based on 26 symptomatic shoulders; 1P-value of ANOVA test, in detail: comparison between patients with T2DM and healthy participants, p-value < 0.0001: between patients with T2DM and without diabetes mellitus, p-value = 0.004: between patients without diabetes mellitus and healthy participants, p value = 0.048; 2P-value of Fisher’s Exact test; 3P-value of ANOVA test, in detail: comparison between patients with T2DM and healthy participants, p- value < 0.0001: between patients with T2DM and without diabetes mellitus, p-value = 0.257: between patients without diabetes mellitus and healthy participants, p value< 0.0001