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Table 5 Assessment methods

From: Evaluating the diagnostic pathway for acute ACL injuries in trauma centres: a systematic review

AIM

TEST

INDEX TEST

REFERENCE STANDARD

Laxity

Lachman’s

(7, 9)

[9]

INSTABILITY’

Lever sign

Pivot shift

(7, 9)

[9]

Anterior drawer

(7, 9)

[9]

KT1000

Range of movement

Active range of movement

(7)

Passive range of movement

Swelling

Time delay swelling

(9)

Joint effusion

(7, 9)

[9]

Functional ability

Weight bare

Inability to continue activity

(9)

Gait

Pain

Palpation

(7)

Temperature

(7)

Joint line tenderness

(7)

Pain

Imaging

X-RAY

(9)

[9]

Ultrasound

(17)

CT

MRI

[3, 9, 17]

Subjective assessment

Mechanism of Injury

Lysholms functional score

Locking

Unspecified clinical history

(3, 6)

Clicking

Giving way

(9)

Popping sound

(9)

Limp index

(3, 9)

Unspecified assessment

Unspecified clinical assessment

(6, 17)

[3]

Physicians’ agreement

Unspecified

(12)

[6, 12]

Orthopaedic surgeon exam

Surgery

Anaesthetic eval

Arthroscopy

[3, 7, 9]