Table 3 Accuracy of navigation systems

CT-based

Kalteis et al. [18]

Brainlab

Supine

4.2 ± 4.0

5.3 ± 5.3

3.0 ± 2.6

3.3 ± 2.3

Yamada et al. [19]

Brainlab^a

Lateral

2.5 ± 2.2

2.3 ± 1.7

Yamada et al. [19]

Brainlab^b

Lateral

4.6 ± 3.3

4.4 ± 3.3

Hasegawa et al. [20]

Brainlab^a

Lateral

1.9 ± 1.5

3.0 ± 2.3

Iwana et al. [21]

Stryker

Lateral

1.8 ± 1.6

1.2 ± 1.1

Nakahara et al. [22]

Stryker

Lateral

1.2 ± 1.3

1.0 ± 0.8

Ueoka et al. [23]

Stryker

Lateral

1.5 ± 1.1

1.6 ± 1.2

1.2 ± 1.0

1.4 ± 1.0

Image-free

Tsukada and Wakui [24]

B. Braun Aesculap

Supine

2.8 ± 2.5

4.2 ± 3.0

2.4 ± 2.0

3.7 ± 2.3

Fukunishi et al. [25]

B. Braun Aesculap

Supine

3.0 ± 2.6

5.0 ± 3.5

Kalteis et al. [18]

Brainlab

Supine

3.6 ± 4.0

4.2 ± 5.5

2.9 ± 2.2

4.2 ± 3.3

Hasegawa et al. [20]

Brainlab^c

Lateral

4.4 ± 4.2

7.1 ± 6.3

Hasegawa et al. [20]

Brainlab^d

Lateral

2.1 ± 1.8

4.1 ± 3.6

Naito et al. [26]

Brainlab^d

Supine, Lateral

3.4 ± 3.0

5.1 ± 3.6

3.3 ± 2.8

5.8 ± 4.9

Accerelometer-based

Kamenaga et al. [6]

OrthAlign

Supine

2.6 ± 2.7

2.8 ± 2.7

Takada et al. [7]

OrthAlign

Supine

3.3 ± 2.7

3.8 ± 3.4

Hasegawa et al. [8]

OrthAlign

Supine

3.8 ± 2.7

3.3 ± 2.5

3.7 ± 2.8

3.0 ± 2.6

Hayashi et al. [9]

OrthAlign

Supine

2.6 ± 1.9

2.7 ± 2.2

2.7 ± 2.1

2.7 ± 1.8

Okamoto et al. [10]

OrthAlign

Supine

3.1 ± 2.2

2.8 ± 2.3

Tanino et al. [11]

OrthAlign

Lateral

3.7 ± 3.0

6.0 ± 4.5

Tanino et al. [12]

OrthAlign

Lateral

3.7 ± 3.3

5.9 ± 3.6

Tsukamoto et al. [13]

OrthAlign

Lateral

3.2 ± 2.2

6.0 ± 4.1

Present study

Naviswiss AG

Supine

4.1 ± 3.2

4.3 ± 3.2

2.8 ± 2.2

2.8 ± 2.0