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Table 3 Results of the multiple logistic regression analyses

From: Factors associated with low back pain in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: a cross-sectional study

 

Crude odds ratios

95% confidence interval

p

Adjusted odds ratio

95% confidence interval

p

Age (+ 1 year)

1.017

0.983–1.051

0.33

   

Sex (male)

1.006

0.964–1.047

0.80

   

Body mass index (+ 1 kg/m2)

1.007

0.895–1.136

0.93

   

Lower extremity symptoms

 Cauda equina

0.905

     

 Radicular pain

0.961

0.676–1.867

0.20

   

 Mixed

1.000

0.701–2.133

0.15

   

Visual analogue scale

 Lower extremity pain (+ 1 mm)

1.021

0.994–1.048

0.12

   

 Lower extremity numbness (+ 1 mm)

1.025

0.990–1.060

0.13

   

Bone mineral density (+ 0.1 g/cm2)

0.944

0.803–1.082

0.39

   

Spondylolisthesis (yes)

1.023

0.979–1.073

0.41

   

Range of motion (+ 1°)

0.959

0.919–1.009

0.18

   

Spinopelvic alignment

 Thoracic kyphosis (+ 1°)

0.994

0.968–1.023

0.29

   

 Lumbar lordosis (+ 1°)

0.970

0.955–1.005

0.09

   

 Sagittal vertical axis (+ 10 mm)

1.318

1.041–1.650

 < 0.05

1.331

1.051–1.660

 < 0.05

 Sacral slope (+ 1°)

0.955

0.907–1.008

0.10

   

 Pelvic tilt (+ 1°)

1.039

0.984–1.106

0.16

   

 Pelvic incidence (+ 1°)

1.003

0.954–1.051

0.93

   

 Pelvic incidence -lumbar lordosis (+ 1°)

1.064

1.017–1.167

 < 0.05

1.065

1.019–1.168

 < 0.05

Cross sectional area

 L3 − 4 (+ 10 mm2)

0.997

0.914–1.065

0.94

   

 L4 − 5 (+ 10 mm2)

0.985

0.935–1.042

0.48

   

 L5 − S (+ 10 mm2)

0.982

0.924–1.046

0.56

   

Fat infiltration

 L3 − 4 (+ 1%)

1.009

0.980–1.038

0.57

   

 L4 − 5 (+ 1%)

1.023

0.989–1.059

0.18

   

 L5 − S (+ 1%)

1.014

0.989–1.039

0.28

   

T2 value

 L3 − 4 (+ 1 ms)

 Anterior annulus fibrosus

1.002

0.956–1.050

0.94

   

 Nucleus pulposus

1.008

0.984–1.032

0.55

   

 Posterior annulus fibrosus

0.989

0.932–1.049

0.45

   

L4 − 5 (+ 1 ms)

 Anterior annulus fibrosus

1.006

0.990–1.022

0.45

   

 Nucleus pulposus

0.993

0.911–1.063

0.48

   

 Posterior annulus fibrosus

0.963

0.910–1.021

0.32

   

L5 − S (+ 1 ms)

 Anterior annulus fibrosus

1.005

0.899–1.134

0.91

   

 Nucleus pulposus

0.985

0.943–1.029

0.49

   

 Posterior annulus fibrosus

0.986

0.937–1.037

0.58

   

Modic change

 None

1.000

     

 Type 1

1.821

0.451–6.228

0.39

   

 Type 2

1.217

0.395–2.140

0.78

   

 Type 3

1.580

0.164–15.299

0.70

   

Facet joint degeneration

 L3 − 4 (Grade2 − 3)

1.138

0.403–2.791

0.61

   

 L4 − 5 (Grade2 − 3)

1.241

0.315–5.925

0.69

   

 L5 − S (Grade2 − 3)

1.145

0.625–2.100

0.40

   
  1. Participants with an LBP VAS of > 30 mm and were ≤ 30 mm classified into the high and the low groups, respectively
  2. The high and low group were the dependent variables
  3. The crude odds ratios were calculated via univariate logistic regression analysis without adjustment
  4. The adjusted odds ratios were calculated via multivariate logistic regression analysis using forward selection (likelihood ratio) after adjustment for variables with p < 0.10 in the univariate logistic regression analysis
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