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Table 2 Comparison of variables between the high and low groups

From: Factors associated with low back pain in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: a cross-sectional study

 

High (n = 47)

Low (n = 33)

p

Age (years)

65.1 ± 1.6

63.7 ± 1.9

0.71*

Sex

 Male

21

14

0.84**

 Female

26

19

 

Body mass index (kg/m2)

23.2 ± 0.7

24.6 ± 0.9

0.38*

Lower extremity symptoms

  

0.76**

 Cauda equina

19

15

 

 Radicular pain

18

10

 

 Mixed

10

8

 

Visual analogue scale (mm)

 Low back pain

62.6 ± 2.0

16.1 ± 1.1

 < 0.01*

 Lower extremity pain

74.3 ± 4.8

50.1 ± 3.3

 < 0.01*

 Lower extremity numbness

75.1 ± 5.0

49.8 ± 4.0

 < 0.01*

Bone mineral density (g/cm2)

1.03 ± 0.04

1.11 ± 0.09

0.40*

Spondylolisthesis

 Yes

11

7

0.82**

 No

36

26

 

 Range of motion (°)

41.2 ± 3.3

43.5 ± 4.1

0.47*

Spinopelvic alignment

 Thoracic kyphosis (°)

26.1 ± 1.3

28.9 ± 2.2

0.46*

 Lumbar lordosis (°)

31.5 ± 2.9

39.5 ± 3.3

 < 0.01*

 Sagittal vertical axis (mm)

56.1 ± 6.7

29.8 ± 6.1

 < 0.01*

 Sacral slope (°)

27.5 ± 1.4

31.1 ± 1.3

0.24*

 Pelvic tilt (°)

19.7 ± 1.4

17.8 ± 1.1

0.39*

 Pelvic incidence (°)

47.2 ± 1.6

48.9 ± 2.0

0.65*

 Pelvic incidence − Lumbar lordosis (°)

15.7 ± 1.1

9.4 ± 0.9

 < 0.01*

Cross sectional area (mm2)

 L3 − L4

392.6 ± 37.1

421.5 ± 39.9

0.71*

 L4 − L5

421.5 ± 37.1

438.1 ± 40.4

0.50*

 L5 − S1

443.8 ± 42.3

424.7 ± 40.1

0.59*

Fat infiltration (%)

 L3 − L4

12.6 ± 1.5

11.4 ± 1.2

0.78*

 L4 − L5

19.1 ± 2.1

16.4 ± 1.7

0.41*

 L5 − S1

19.9 ± 1.9

17.5 ± 1.8

0.52*

T2 value (ms)

L3 − L4

 Anterior annulus fibrosus

60.9 ± 1.8

61.7 ± 1.3

0.72*

 Nucleus pulposus

64.2 ± 3.0

62.6 ± 1.5

0.62*

 Posterior annulus fibrosus

55.9 ± 1.9

56.8 ± 1.4

0.46*

L4 − L5

 Anterior annulus fibrosus

58.1 ± 2.1

59.1 ± 3.0

0.50*

 Nucleus pulposus

59.7 ± 3.0

60.2 ± 2.4

0.39*

 Posterior annulus fibrosus

51.3 ± 1.5

58.2 ± 2.1

 < 0.01*

L5 − S1

 Anterior annulus fibrosus

59.5 ± 2.0

59.0 ± 2.3

0.50*

 Nucleus pulposus

62.1 ± 2.7

59.6 ± 2.1

0.37*

 Posterior annulus fibrosus

55.2 ± 1.9

56.6 ± 1.8

0.41*

Modic change

 None

33

23

0.70**

 Type 1

3

1

 

 Type 2

10

9

 

 Type 3

1

0

 

Facet joint degeneration

L3 − L4

 Grade 0 − 1

31

19

0.45**

 Grade 2 − 3

16

14

 

L4 − L5

 Grade 0 − 1

17

13

0.77**

 Grade 2 − 3

30

20

 

L5 − S1

 Grade 0 − 1

22

15

0.90**

 Grade 2 − 3

25

18

 
  1. Participants with an LBP VAS of > 30 mm and were ≤ 30 mm classified into the high and the low groups, respectively
  2. All numerical data are presented as means ± standard error of the mean values
  3. * Mann–Whitney U test, ** chi-squared test