| High (n = 47) | Low (n = 33) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 65.1 ± 1.6 | 63.7 ± 1.9 | 0.71* |
Sex | |||
 Male | 21 | 14 | 0.84** |
 Female | 26 | 19 |  |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 0.7 | 24.6 ± 0.9 | 0.38* |
Lower extremity symptoms | Â | Â | 0.76** |
 Cauda equina | 19 | 15 |  |
 Radicular pain | 18 | 10 |  |
 Mixed | 10 | 8 |  |
Visual analogue scale (mm) | |||
 Low back pain | 62.6 ± 2.0 | 16.1 ± 1.1 |  < 0.01* |
 Lower extremity pain | 74.3 ± 4.8 | 50.1 ± 3.3 |  < 0.01* |
 Lower extremity numbness | 75.1 ± 5.0 | 49.8 ± 4.0 |  < 0.01* |
Bone mineral density (g/cm2) | 1.03 ± 0.04 | 1.11 ± 0.09 | 0.40* |
Spondylolisthesis | |||
 Yes | 11 | 7 | 0.82** |
 No | 36 | 26 |  |
 Range of motion (°) | 41.2 ± 3.3 | 43.5 ± 4.1 | 0.47* |
Spinopelvic alignment | |||
 Thoracic kyphosis (°) | 26.1 ± 1.3 | 28.9 ± 2.2 | 0.46* |
 Lumbar lordosis (°) | 31.5 ± 2.9 | 39.5 ± 3.3 |  < 0.01* |
 Sagittal vertical axis (mm) | 56.1 ± 6.7 | 29.8 ± 6.1 |  < 0.01* |
 Sacral slope (°) | 27.5 ± 1.4 | 31.1 ± 1.3 | 0.24* |
 Pelvic tilt (°) | 19.7 ± 1.4 | 17.8 ± 1.1 | 0.39* |
 Pelvic incidence (°) | 47.2 ± 1.6 | 48.9 ± 2.0 | 0.65* |
 Pelvic incidence − Lumbar lordosis (°) | 15.7 ± 1.1 | 9.4 ± 0.9 |  < 0.01* |
Cross sectional area (mm2) | |||
 L3 − L4 | 392.6 ± 37.1 | 421.5 ± 39.9 | 0.71* |
 L4 − L5 | 421.5 ± 37.1 | 438.1 ± 40.4 | 0.50* |
 L5 − S1 | 443.8 ± 42.3 | 424.7 ± 40.1 | 0.59* |
Fat infiltration (%) | |||
 L3 − L4 | 12.6 ± 1.5 | 11.4 ± 1.2 | 0.78* |
 L4 − L5 | 19.1 ± 2.1 | 16.4 ± 1.7 | 0.41* |
 L5 − S1 | 19.9 ± 1.9 | 17.5 ± 1.8 | 0.52* |
T2 value (ms) | |||
L3 − L4 | |||
 Anterior annulus fibrosus | 60.9 ± 1.8 | 61.7 ± 1.3 | 0.72* |
 Nucleus pulposus | 64.2 ± 3.0 | 62.6 ± 1.5 | 0.62* |
 Posterior annulus fibrosus | 55.9 ± 1.9 | 56.8 ± 1.4 | 0.46* |
L4 − L5 | |||
 Anterior annulus fibrosus | 58.1 ± 2.1 | 59.1 ± 3.0 | 0.50* |
 Nucleus pulposus | 59.7 ± 3.0 | 60.2 ± 2.4 | 0.39* |
 Posterior annulus fibrosus | 51.3 ± 1.5 | 58.2 ± 2.1 |  < 0.01* |
L5 − S1 | |||
 Anterior annulus fibrosus | 59.5 ± 2.0 | 59.0 ± 2.3 | 0.50* |
 Nucleus pulposus | 62.1 ± 2.7 | 59.6 ± 2.1 | 0.37* |
 Posterior annulus fibrosus | 55.2 ± 1.9 | 56.6 ± 1.8 | 0.41* |
Modic change | |||
 None | 33 | 23 | 0.70** |
 Type 1 | 3 | 1 |  |
 Type 2 | 10 | 9 |  |
 Type 3 | 1 | 0 |  |
Facet joint degeneration | |||
L3 − L4 | |||
 Grade 0 − 1 | 31 | 19 | 0.45** |
 Grade 2 − 3 | 16 | 14 |  |
L4 − L5 | |||
 Grade 0 − 1 | 17 | 13 | 0.77** |
 Grade 2 − 3 | 30 | 20 |  |
L5 − S1 | |||
 Grade 0 − 1 | 22 | 15 | 0.90** |
 Grade 2 − 3 | 25 | 18 |  |