Table 1 Baseline characteristics
Sleep disturbance at the fourth time point | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | absence | presence | P value | |
2,059 | 1,372 | 687 | ||
Sex | ||||
Male | 911 (44.2) | 662 (48.3) | 249 (36.2) | < 0.001 |
Female | 1,148 (55.8) | 710 (51.7) | 438 (63.8) | |
Age | ||||
< 65 | 820 (39.8) | 525 (38.3) | 295 (42.9) | 0.041 |
≥ 65 | 1,239 (60.2) | 847 (61.7) | 392 (57.1) | |
Body mass indexa | ||||
≥ 18.5, < 25 | 1,240 (60.2) | 832 (60.6) | 408 (59.4) | 0.54 |
< 18.5 | 38 (1.8) | 22 (1.6) | 16 (2.3) | |
≥ 25 | 706 (34.3) | 465 (33.9) | 241 (35.1) | |
Living area | ||||
Ogatsu | 857 (41.6) | 534 (38.9) | 323 (47.0) | < 0.001 |
Oshika | 740 (35.9) | 526 (38.3) | 214 (31.1) | |
Ajishima | 137 (6.7) | 117 (8.5) | 20 (2.9) | |
Wakabayashi | 325 (15.8) | 195 (14.2) | 130 (18.9) | |
Smoking habitsa | ||||
Non-smoker | 1,656 (80.4) | 1,100 (80.2) | 556 (80.9) | 0.866 |
Smoker | 330 (16.0) | 224 (16.3) | 106 (15.4) | |
Drinking habitsa | ||||
Non-drinker | 1,292 (62.7) | 839 (61.2) | 453 (65.9) | 0.05 |
< 45.6 g of alcohol/dayb | 438 (21.3) | 315 (23.0) | 123 (17.9) | |
≥ 45.6 g of alcohol/dayb | 161 (7.8) | 110 (8.0) | 51 (7.4) | |
Comorbid conditions | ||||
Hypertension | 877 (42.6) | 578 (42.1) | 299 (43.5) | 0.546 |
Diabetes mellitus | 222 (10.8) | 151 (11.0) | 71 (10.3) | 0.643 |
Myocardial infarction | 135 (6.6) | 85 (6.2) | 50 (7.3) | 0.349 |
Cerebral stroke | 31 (1.5) | 18 (1.3) | 13 (1.9) | 0.308 |
Working statusa | ||||
Unemployed | 1,033 (50.2) | 667 (48.6) | 366 (53.3) | 0.105 |
Employed | 973 (47.3) | 671 (48.9) | 302 (44.0) | |
Walking time/daya | ||||
≥ 1 h | 594 (28.8) | 438 (31.9) | 156 22.7) | < 0.001 |
30 min to < 1 h | 752 (36.5) | 505 (36.8) | 247 (36.0) | |
< 30 m | 685 (33.3) | 408 (29.7) | 277 (40.3) | |
Living statusa | ||||
Same house as before the GEJE | 670 (32.5) | 489 (35.6) | 181 (26.3) | 0.001 |
Prefabricated house | 83 (4.0) | 48 (3.5) | 35 (5.1) | |
New house | 654 (31.8) | 419 (30.5) | 235 (34.2) | |
Others | 629 (30.5) | 400 (29.2) | 229 (33.3) | |
Economic conditiona | ||||
Normal | 1,020 (49.5) | 798 (58.2) | 222 (32.3) | < 0.001 |
A little hard | 488 (23.7) | 296 (21.6) | 192 (27.9) | |
Hard | 324 (15.7) | 174 (12.7) | 150 (21.8) | |
Very hard | 191 (9.3) | 77 (5.6) | 114 (16.6) | |
Psychological distressa | ||||
Absence | 1,775 (86.2) | 1,289 (94.0) | 486 (70.7) | < 0.001 |
Presence | 253 (12.3) | 56 (4.1) | 197 (28.7) | |
Social isolationa | ||||
Absence | 1,454 (70.6) | 1,025 (74.7) | 429 (62.4) | < 0.001 |
Presence | 604 (29.3) | 347 (25.3) | 257 (37.4) | |