Table 1 Descriptive statistics
Variable | Overall (N = 554) | Non-chronic Low Back Pain (n = 431) | Chronic Low Back Pain (n = 123) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Age (Mean ± SD) | 45.8 ± 10.7 |  |  |  |  |  |
 18 – 27 | 19 | 3.4 | 13 | 3.0 | 6 | 4.9 |
 28 – 37 | 111 | 20.0 | 90 | 20.9 | 21 | 17.1 |
 38 – 47 | 176 | 31.8 | 141 | 32.7 | 35 | 28.5 |
 48 – 57 | 163 | 29.4 | 129 | 29.9 | 34 | 27.6 |
 58 +  | 85 | 15.3 | 58 | 13.5 | 27 | 22.0 |
Gender | ||||||
 Male | 228 | 41.2 | 183 | 42.5 | 45 | 36.6 |
 Female | 326 | 58.8 | 248 | 57.5 | 78 | 63.4 |
Marital status | ||||||
 Single | 80 | 14.4 | 60 | 13.9 | 20 | 16.3 |
 Married | 266 | 48.0 | 201 | 46.6 | 65 | 52.8 |
 Separated | 157 | 28.3 | 129 | 29.9 | 28 | 22.8 |
 Widowed | 51 | 9.2 | 41 | 9.5 | 10 | 8.1 |
Body Mass Index | ||||||
 Underweight | 51 | 9.2 | 44 | 10.2 | 7 | 5.7 |
 Normal | 166 | 30.0 | 154 | 35.7 | 12 | 9.8 |
 Overweight | 202 | 36.5 | 140 | 32.5 | 62 | 50.4 |
 Obese | 135 | 24.4 | 93 | 21.6 | 42 | 34.1 |
Education level | ||||||
 No formal education | 106 | 19.1 | 74 | 17.2 | 32 | 26.0 |
 Primary | 194 | 35.0 | 164 | 38.1 | 30 | 24.4 |
 Secondary | 144 | 26.0 | 121 | 28.1 | 23 | 18.7 |
 Tertiary | 110 | 19.9 | 72 | 16.7 | 38 | 30.9 |
Income category | ||||||
 Poor | 104 | 18.8 | 68 | 15.8 | 36 | 29.3 |
 Low emerging middle | 273 | 49.3 | 224 | 52.0 | 49 | 39.9 |
 Emerging middle | 96 | 17.3 | 78 | 18.1 | 18 | 6.5 |
 Realised middle | 49 | 8.8 | 39 | 9.0 | 10 | 8.1 |
 Upper middle | 32 | 5.8 | 22 | 5.1 | 10 | 8.1 |
Exercise | ||||||
 No | 338 | 61.0 | 245 | 56.8 | 93 | 75.6 |
 Yes | 216 | 39.0 | 186 | 43.2 | 30 | 24.4 |
Cigarette smoking | ||||||
 No | 324 | 58.5 | 294 | 68.2 | 30 | 24.4 |
 Yes, 1 – 10 per day | 126 | 22.7 | 94 | 21.8 | 32 | 26.0 |
 Yes. More than 11 | 104 | 18.8 | 43 | 10.0 | 61 | 49.6 |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
 No | 264 | 47.7 | 234 | 54.3 | 30 | 24.4 |
 Occasional | 148 | 26.7 | 118 | 27.4 | 30 | 24 |
 Frequent | 142 | 25.6 | 79 | 18.3 | 63 | 51.2 |
Type of work | ||||||
 Semisedentary | 311 | 56.1 | 301 | 69.8 | 10 | 8.1 |
 Sedentary | 80 | 14.4 | 37 | 8.6 | 43 | 35.0 |
 Manual work | 163 | 29.4 | 93 | 21.6 | 70 | 56.9 |
Sitting posture | ||||||
 Straight back | 58 | 10.5 | 39 | 9.1 | 19 | 15.4 |
 Stooped | 106 | 19.1 | 66 | 15.3 | 40 | 32.5 |
 Forward inclination | 189 | 34.1 | 138 | 32.0 | 51 | 41.5 |
 Backward inclination | 201 | 36.3 | 188 | 43.6 | 13 | 10.6 |
LBP severity | ||||||
 Mild | 303 | 54.7 | 297 | 68.9 | 6 | 4.9 |
 Moderate | 147 | 26.5 | 91 | 21.1 | 56 | 45.5 |
 Severe | 104 | 18.8 | 43 | 10.0 | 61 | 49.6 |
Sciatica | ||||||
 Yes | 106 | 19.1 | 84 | 19.5 | 22 | 17.9 |
No | 448 | 80.9 | 347 | 80.5 | 101 | 82.1 |
Illness behaviour (Mean ± SD) | 36.6 ± 11.4 |  | 32.36 ± 9.2 |  | 51.6 ± 2.7 |  |
Fear avoidance belief | ||||||
 Work subscale (Mean ± SD) | 26.3 ± 7.2 |  | 23.15 ± 4.5 |  | 37.3 ± 1.9 |  |
 Physical activity subscale (Mean ± SD) | 11.1 ± 4.3 |  | 9.13 ± 2.2 |  | 18.1 ± 1.9 |  |
Disability (OSD score mean ± SD) | 41.2 ± 10.9 |  | 40.12 ± 10.5 |  | 45.1 ± 11.2 |  |