Fig. 1

The measurements of lumbar lordosis (LL), sacral slope (SS) (a), intervertebral space height (ISH), foraminal height (FH), foraminal width (FW), the height of the anterior and posterior edges of the intervertebral space at L4–L5 (b), L4–L5 Cobb angle, and the Cobb angle of the intervertebral space at L4–L5 (c). Range of motion (ROM) is the difference between the angle (α1) at extension (d) and the angle (α2) at flexion (e). Cobb 1: the Cobb angle of the intervertebral space at L4–L5; Cobb 2: L4–L5 Cobb angle; H1: height of the posterior edges of the intervertebral space at L4–L5; H2: height of the anterior edges of the intervertebral space at L4–L5