Table 2 Effect estimates for interventions with multiple studies reporting outcomes
Follow up | Effect measure | Number of studies (participants) | Effect estimate (95%CI), p-value | I2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia versus control | ||||
Sleep quality from questionnaire | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 9 (203:183) | -1.23 (−1.76, − 0.70), p < 0.00001 | 80% |
 3 months | SMD | 2 (65:68) | −0.80 (−2.17, 0.57), p = 0.25 | 93% |
 6 months | SMD | 3 (64:70) | −0.51 (−1.02, − 0.01), p = 0.04 | 41% |
Sleep - onset latency (diary) | ||||
 Post-treatment | MD | 7 (168:160) | −17.42 (−28.41, −6.43), p = 0.002 | 73% |
 3 months | MD | 2 (64:70) | −14.58 (−21.67, −7.50), < 0.0001 | 0% |
 6 months | MD | 3 (62:68) | −6.48 (−14.36, 1.40), p = 0.11 | 0% |
Sleep - efficiency (diary) | ||||
 Post-treatment | MD | 8 (174:164) | −9.86 (−14.06, −5.66), p = < 0.00001 | 67% |
 3 months | MD | 2 (64:70) | −9.36 (− 15.10, − 3.61), p = 0.001 | 53% |
 6 months | MD | 3 (62:68) | −6.16 (−10.31, −2.01), p = 0.004 | 46% |
Sleep – wake after sleep onset (diary) | ||||
 Post-treatment | MD | 7 (168:160) | −31.12 (−43.55, − 18.69), p < 0.00001 | 71% |
 3 months | MD | 2 (64:70) | −29.15 (−55.10, − 3.19), p = 0.03 | 67% |
 6 months | MD | 4 (85:96) | −18.58 (−30.57, −6.58), p = 0.002 | 51% |
Sleep awakenings (diary) | ||||
 Post-treatment | MD | 2 (51:37) | −0.23 (− 0.88, 0.42), p = 0.48 | 0% |
Sleep - total sleep time (diary) | ||||
 Post-treatment | MD | 8 (174:164) | −6.70 (−31.98, 18.58), p = 0.60 | 58% |
 3 months | MD | 2 (64:70) | −22.10 (−69.11, 24.91), p = 0.36 | 73% |
 6 months | MD | 4 (85:96) | −2.44 (− 22.15, 17.26), p = 0.81 | 0% |
Sleep - onset latency (actigraph) | ||||
 Post-treatment | MD | 3 (80:81) | −3.89 (−14.55, 6.77), p = 0.47 | 63% |
 6 months | MD | 3 (56:64) | −4.15 (−9.97, 1.68), p = 0.16 | 0% |
Sleep - efficiency (actigraph) | ||||
 Post-treatment | MD | 4 (96:96) | −1.58 (−5.59, 2.42), p = 0.44 | 50% |
 6 months | MD | 3 (55:65) | −2.17 (−5.42, 1.09), p = 0.19 | 0% |
Sleep – wake after sleep onset (actigraph) | ||||
 Post-treatment | MD | 3 (80:81) | −13.12 (− 24.39, − 1.85), p = 0.02 | 0% |
 6 months | MD | 3 (56:64) | −8.31 (−20.16, 3.53), p = 0.17 | 0% |
Sleep - Total sleep time (actigraph) | ||||
 Post-treatment | MD | 4 (96:96) | 13.66 (−18.58, 45.91), p = 0.41 | 51% |
 6 months | MD | 3 (56:64) | 17.50 (−9.93, 44.93), p = 0.21 | 11% |
Sleep - onset latency (polysomnograph) | ||||
 Post-treatment | MD | 2 (65:74) | 5.89 (−9.16, 20.93), p = 0.44 | 0% |
 6 months | MD | 2 (56:59) | −5.24 (−23.33, 12.84), p = 0.57 | 0% |
Sleep - efficiency (polysomnograph) | ||||
 Post-treatment | MD | 2 (65:74) | −5.06 (−9.55, −0.57), p = 0.03 | 0% |
 6 months | MD | 2 (56:59) | −4.39 (−9.11, 0.33), p = 0.07 | 0% |
Sleep – wake after sleep onset (polysomnograph) | ||||
 Post-treatment | MD | 2 (65:74) | −33.91 (−51.82, −16.00), p = 0.0002 | 0% |
 6 months | MD | 2 (56:59) | −22.45 (−41.93, − 2.97), p = 0.02 | 0% |
Sleep - Total sleep time (polysomnograph) | ||||
 Post-treatment | MD | 2 (65:74) | 16.41 (−23.60, 56.42), p = 0.42 | 29% |
 6 months | MD | 2 (56:59) | 18.63 (−12.36, 49.62), p = 0.24 | 0% |
Sleep - Epworth Sleepiness Scale | ||||
 Post-treatment | MD | 2 (22:19) | −0.58 (−3.30, 2.14), p = 0.68 | 0% |
Pain | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 9 (192:178) | −0.24 (− 0.45, − 0.03), p = 0.02 | 0% |
 3 months | SMD | 3 (83:83) | −0.31 (− 0.69, 0.07), p = 0.11 | 31% |
 6 months | SMD | 3 (66:70) | 0.07 (−0.27, 0.41), p = 0.68 | 0% |
Anxiety | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 3 (53:53) | −0.54 (−1.01, − 0.06), p = 0.03 | 28% |
Depression | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 6 (123:113) | −0.57 (−1.05, − 0.08), p = 0.008 | 65% |
 3 months | SMD | 2 (48:43) | −0.37 (− 0.79, 0.05), p = 0.08 | 0% |
Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia versus sleep hygiene | ||||
Sleep quality from questionnaire | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 3 (65:64) | −0.25 (− 0.82, 0.33), p = 0.40 | 61% |
 6 months | SMD | 2 (33:27) | −0.12 (− 0.84, 0.59), p = 0.73 | 34% |
Pain | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 3 (65:64) | −0.51 (−1.17, 0.15), p = 0.13 | 70% |
 6 months | SMD | 2 (33:27) | 0.54 (−1.30, 2.38), p = 0.57 | 85% |
Health related quality of life | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 2 (50:47) | −0.79 (−1.20, − 0.37), p = 0.0002 | 0% |
Anxiety | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 2 (50;47) | −0.32 (− 0.72, 0.08), p = 0.12 | 0% |
Depression | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 2 (50;47) | −0.61 (−1.05, − 0.18), p = 0.006 | 11% |
Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia and pain versus no treatment, wait list or attentional control | ||||
Sleep quality from questionnaire | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 4 (180:192) | −0.79 (−1.58, 0.00), p = 0.05 | 88% |
 3 months | SMD | 2 (56:56) | −0.41 (−1.96, 1.15), p = 0.61 | 94% |
 6 months | SMD | 2 (142:150) | −0.76 (−1.85, 0.33), p = 0.17 | 92% |
Sleep - Total sleep time (diary) | ||||
 Post-treatment | MD | 2 (40:34) | −61.58 (−105.25, − 17.91), p = 0.006 | 0% |
Pain | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 4 (180:182) | −0.13 (−0.36, 0.10), p = 0.28 | 10% |
 3 months | SMD | 2 (56:56) | −0.48 (− 0.86, − 0.10), p = 0.01 | 0% |
 6 months | SMD | 3 (161:395) | −0.25 (− 0.62, 0.13), p = 0.20 | 58% |
Health related quality of life | ||||
 Post-treatment | MD | 2 (58:65) | −1.77 (−5.33, 1.78), p = 0.33 | 98% |
 3 months | MD | 2 (54:49) | −1.84 (−5.90, 2.22), p = 037 | 98% |
Depression | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 2 (33:42) | 0.14 (−0.54, 0.83), p = 0.68 | 33% |
Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia and pain versus cognitive behavioural therapy for pain | ||||
Sleep quality from questionnaire | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 3 (146:150) | −0.47 (−1.19, 0.25), p = 0.20 | 75% |
Pain | ||||
 Post-treatment only | SMD | 3 (146:150) | −0.03 (− 0.26, 0.20), p = 0.78 | 0% |
Heath related quality of life | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 2 (139;145) | 0.03 (−0.20, 0.26), p = 0.81 | 0% |
Depression | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 2 (33:33) | −0.34 (−1.05, 0.37), p = 0.35 | 28% |
Mindfulness versus control | ||||
Sleep quality from questionnaire | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 2 (105:92) | −0.41 (−0.72, − 0.11), p = 0.008 | 14% |
Pain | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 2 (105:92) | −0.35 (− 0.63, − 0.06), p = 0.02 | 0% |
Health related quality of life | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 2 (105:92) | −0.28 (− 0.81, 0.26), p = 0.31 | 72% |
Sleep hygiene versus standard care/waitlist control | ||||
Sleep quality from questionnaire | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 2 (35:26) | −0.68 (−2.37, 1.02), p = 0.43 | 89% |
Pain | ||||
 Post-treatment only | SMD | 2 (35:26) | −0.22 (− 0.93, 0.49), p = 0.54 | 45% |
Group-based exercise versus control | ||||
Sleep (various overall measures) | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 3 (266:240) | −0.10 (− 0.31, 0.12), p = 0.39 | 27% |
Pain | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 3 (142:125) | −0.52 (− 0.76, − 0.27), p < 0.00001 | 0% |
Anxiety | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 2 (91:81) | −0.51 (−1.43, 0.40), p = 0.27 | 86% |
Depression | ||||
 Post-treatment | SMD | 2 (91:81) | −0.41 (−1.26, 0.44), p = 0.35 | 85% |
Tai Ji Quan versus education | ||||
Sleep quality from questionnaire | ||||
 Post-treatment | MD | 2 (45:45) | −0.78 (−2.31, 0.76), p = 0.32 | 0% |