Table 3 Scheduled and flare window E-survey questionnaires
Domain | Measure or description |
|---|---|
Flares, low back pain (LBP) intensity, and pain interference | |
Flare characteristics | Flare-up at present (“Are you currently experiencing a flare of your low back pain?”), date of onset, continuation since last reported flare, duration of current flare, any unreported flares since last survey |
Pain intensity | LBP intensity, right now; worst LBP intensity in past 24 h [41] |
Analgesic use | Analgesic use in the last 8-h, common analgesic medication categories |
General activity interference | LBP interference with general activity, right now [62] |
Psychological factors | |
Depression | Single-item depression measure [50] |
PTSD | Primary care-PTSD screen (PC-PTSD) [63] |
Stress | |
Catastrophizing | Coping strategies questionnaire (CSQ) 2-item version [53] |
Fear of movement | Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) 2-item version; [54] |
Self-efficacy | UW Pain-Related Self-Efficacy Scale short form 2-item (UW-PRSE-2) [56] |
Work | Work Productivity and Activity Impairment 4-item measure [59] |
Primary Physical Activity Categories (10 major types) | |
Lifting or Lowering | For each increment of weight lifted/lowered (10–19 lbs., 20–29 lbs., 30 + lbs.), participants report frequency, duration, concurrent actions (e.g., twisting, bending down, carrying, etc.), avoidance of the activity, and reasons for avoidance. Other questions pertain to maximum weights lifted and frequency/duration of maximum weights lifted |
Pushing or Pulling | Frequency, typical weight pushed or pulled, maximum weight pushed or pulled, avoidance of pushing or pulling, and reasons for avoidance |
Sitting, Standing, Walking | Total duration of each activity, duration of continuous activity, setting of activity, avoidance of the activity, and reasons for avoidance |
Other Activity Categories | Frequency of each activity (e.g., bending or stooping, climbing, twisting, squatting or kneeling, crawling): duration, avoidance of the activity, and reasons for avoidance |
Sports and Exercise | Participation in endurance exercise (e.g., running, biking, etc.), low impact exercise (e.g., walking for exercise, yoga, etc.), sports (e.g., baseball, racquet sports, martial arts, etc.), weightlifting, dancing, etc. [66] Other questions pertain to avoidance of sports/exercise and reasons for avoidance. |
Other Exposures | |
Household or Outdoor Activities | Recent household or outdoor activities, including endurance common household activities (e.g., cleaning, laundry, painting, etc.), outdoor non-sport activities (e.g., carpentry, construction, farming, etc.). Other questions inquire about avoidance of activity, reason for avoidance [67, 68] |
LBP Treatments | Physical treatments (e.g., strengthening exercises, stretching exercises, etc.), modalities (e.g., heat, ice, acupuncture, etc.), behavioral treatments (e.g., individual/group therapy, support groups, etc.), procedures |
Injuries | Fall, near falls, landing from a jump, slipping, tripping, motor vehicle accidents |
Sleep | Duration of actual hours slept in last 24-h, quality of sleep in last 24-h [69, 70] |
Substance use | Self-reported frequency of use of non-illicit substances (e.g., cigarettes, e-cigarettes or vaporizers, alcohol) [41, 49] |
Fatigue Severity | PROMIS fatigue item [71] |