Table 2 Baseline and exit E-survey questionnaires
Domain | Measure or description |
|---|---|
Low Back Pain (LBP) Characteristics | |
LBP history | LBP in last 24 h, duration of LBP, frequency of LBP in last 6 months [41] |
LBP intensity | 0–10 LBP NRS in the last 24-h: average pain, and worst pain [41] |
LBP trajectory | Visual Trajectories Questionnaire for Pain (VTQ-P) [42] |
Back-related functional limitations | Self-report changes in back pain in the last year: Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire [43] |
Overall global health | PROMIS Global Health Short Form v1.2: 10-item measure [44] |
Pain homunculi | Pain manikin with body regions, neck pain, mid/upper back pain, in last 12 months |
Back surgery questions | Self-reported history of back surgery, and number of back surgeries [41] |
Past LBP treatments | LBP treatments (e.g., physical therapy, spinal manipulation, acupuncture, etc.) received for LBP: ever and/or in the past 1-year [41] |
Analgesic use | Analgesic use in the last 8-h, common analgesic medication categories |
Sleep duration/quality | Typical time going to sleep and waking on weekday and weekend [45]; PROMIS Sleep Disturbance [46] |
Physical activity | |
General | Self-reported average minutes per week of moderate intensity activity, and vigorous intensity activity [47, 48] |
Specific physical activities and perceived effects on LBP | Self-reported perception of activities’ effects on LBP (e.g., lifting or lowering, carrying, pushing or pulling, sitting, standing, walking, bending or stooping, twisting, squatting or kneeling, crawling) |
Substance use | Self-reported frequency of use of non-illicit substances (e.g., cigarettes, e-cigarettes, vaporizers, alcohol) [41, 49] |
Psychological Factors | |
Depression | PROMIS Depression Short form v.1.0 8b: single-item depression measure [50] |
PTSD | Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) [51] |
Catastrophizing | UW Concerns about Pain Scale 8-item short form (UW CAP-8) [52]; Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ) 2-item version [53] |
Fear of movement | Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia [54] |
Acceptance | Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ-8) [55] |
Self-efficacy | UW Pain-Related Self-Efficacy Scale 6-item short form (UW PRSE-6) [56]a |
Back-related pain beliefs | Back Pain Attitudes Questionnaire (Back PAQ) 10-item version [57] |
Global rating of change | Self-reported changes in back pain in last 1-yearb |
Sociodemographic | Age, sex, gender identity, race, ethnicity, marital status, height, weight, education, current employment, incomea |
Work | |
Occupation | Self-report of occupation and work industry [58] |
Typical frequency of specific physical activity categories at work | Lifting/lowering 10 + pounds, Lifting/lowering 25 + pounds, carrying, pushing/pulling, sitting, standing, walking, bending/stooping, twisting, squatting, crawling |
Work productivity | Work Productivity and Activity Impairment 6-item measure [59] |
Other work-related factors | Borg scale of physical demands at work [60], Andrews and Withey Job Satisfaction Questionnaire [61]a |