|  |  |  | Participants (Control Group) | Participants (Intervention Group) | Intervention Details | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference | RCT | Inclusion/Exclusion criteria | Diagnostic Criteria | N | Age (years): M (± SD), range | BMI (kg/m2) | Injury Characteristics | N | Age (years): M (± SD), range | BMI (kg/m2) | Injury Characteristics | Intervention |
Buyukturan et al. [27] | single-blinded RCT | Inclusion: sedentary occupation or low activity level and had VAS scores < 3. Exclusion: participants with meniscus injuries, meniscus tears, chondral lesions, other ligament laxities, a grade IV injury based on the Lachman test, generalised laxity, and/or a BMI > 30 kg/cm2 were excluded from the study | Conducted by physician based on the patient histories, physical examinations, and diagnostic imaging | 29 (15 females, 14 males) | 24.7 (± 6.2) years | 24.9 + -5.7 | Dominant side R/L, 26/3; Involved dominant/Non-dominant, 22/7; Duration of the symptoms, 21.8 ± 4.8 months; Education status 13.7 ± 1.7 years | 29 (13 females, 16 males) | 26.1 (± 7.4) years | 24.6 + -4.1 | Dominant side R/L, 25/4; Involved dominant/Non-dominant, 20/9; Duration of the symptoms, 20.1 ± 8.6 months; Education status 14.2 ± 2.6 years | 3 × 60 min sessions for 24 weeks of Tai Chi
-Yang style (10 forms) by experienced instructor (> 5 years’ experience) |
Celik et al., [28] | single-blinded RCT | Inclusion: sedentary occupation or low activity level, required conservative care rather than surgery, and had VAS scores < 3. Exclusion: participants with meniscus injuries, meniscus tears, chondral lesions, other ligament laxities, a grade IV injury based on the Lachman test, a generalised laxity, and/or a BMI > 30 kg/cm2 were excluded from the study | Conducted by physician based on the patient histories, physical examinations, and diagnostic imaging | 26 (24 females, 2 males) | 25.9 (± 7.5) years,a 22–45 years | 25.8 ± 4.2 | Dominant side R/L, 20/6; Involved dominant/Non-dominant, 14/10; Duration of the symptoms, 6.2 ± 1.2 months | 24 (22 females, 2 males) | 25.2 (± 5.3) years, 20–43 years | 25.5 ± 5.1 | Dominant side R/L, 20/4; Involved dominant/Non-dominant, 16/8; Duration of the symptoms, 5.4 ± 2.4 months | 3 × 60-min Pilates classes per week for 6 weeks run by a trained physical therapist. Home programme was given to participants to engage in after the initial 6 weeks until the end of the study |