Effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions for back care and the prevention of non-specific low back pain in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 3 Results of the weighted ANOVAs for the trunk flexion endurance measures in the posttest, taking qualitative moderator variables as independent variables

Variable	k	d₊	95% CI		ANOVA results
Variable	k	d₊	LL	LU	ANOVA results
Type of treatment:
Physical exercise (PE)	4	0.536	-0.471	1.543	F(1,5) = 0.211, p = .665
PE + Physical activity (PA)	3	0.811	-0.350	1.972	F(1,5) = 0.211, p = .665
Age:
Adolescent	4	1.140	0.505	1.774	F(1,5) = 9.239, p = .029
Children	3	0.024	-0.675	0.722	F(1,5) = 9.239, p = .029
Progression:
Yes	5	0.992	0.396	2.654	F(1,5) = 7.642, p = .035
No	2	-0.169	-1.069	1.588	F(1,5) = 7.642, p = .035
Risk of bias:
High	1	0.722	-1.353	2.797	F(1,5) = 0.008, p = .932
Some concerns	6	0.644	-0.193	1.480	F(1,5) = 0.008, p = .932

k number of studies, d₊mean coefficient alpha, LL and LU lower and upper 95% confidence limits for d₊. F Knapp-Hartung’s statistic for testing the significance of the moderator variable

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