Variables | N | All participants (n = 215) | Lost to follow-up at 12 m (n = 102) | P-value | Predicted full recovery (n = 35) | Predicted neither full recovery nor chronic moderate/severe pain and disability (n = 106) | Predicted chronic moderate/severe pain and disability (n = 66) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD), in years | 205 | 42 (16) | 40 (15) | 0.98 | 26 (7) | 41 (16) | 53 (12) | < 0.001 |
Gender, n (%) | 198 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Male |  | 89 (45) | 33 (45) | 0.24 | 11 (34) | 44 (44) | 30 (50) | 0.35 |
 Female |  | 109 (55) | 50 (55) |  | 21 (66) | 56 (56) | 30 (50) |  |
Recruitment source, n (%) | 204 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Hospital |  | 177 (87) | 74 (87) | 0.16 | 29 (83) | 90 (85) | 57 (92) | 0.79 |
 Physiotherapist |  | 8 (4) | 5 (4) |  | 2 (6) | 5 (5) | 1 (2) |  |
 Insurance database |  | 8 (4) | 4 (4) |  | 1 (3) | 5 (5) | 2 (3) |  |
 Claims Advisory Service |  | 11 (5) | 8 (5) |  | 3 (9) | 6 (6) | 2 (3) |  |
Education level, n (%) | 204 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Pre-Primary |  | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 0.36 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 0.67 |
 Primary |  | 13 (6) | 9 (6) |  | 1 (3) | 9 (9) | 3 (5) |  |
 Secondary |  | 55 (27) | 25 (27) |  | 11 (31) | 27 (26) | 17 (28) |  |
 Technical or any further education |  | 56 (27.5) | 24 (27.5) |  | 7 (20) | 29 (27) | 19 (31) |  |
 University of tertiary institution |  | 79 (39) | 33 (39) |  | 16 (45) | 41 (39) | 22 (36) |  |
Comorbidities, n (%) | 204 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Arthritis |  | 45 (22) | 16 (22) | 0.17 | 0 (0) | 29 (27) | 16 (26) | 0.002 |
 Asthma |  | 44 (22) | 15 (22) | 0.11 | 5 (14) | 30 (68) | 9 (15) | 0.057 |
 Anxiety |  | 43 (21) | 19 (21) | 0.95 | 7 (20) | 22 (21) | 14 (23) | 0.945 |
 Degenerative disc disease |  | 21 (10) | 6 (10) | 0.12 | 2 (6) | 11 (10) | 8 (13) | 0.536 |
 Depression |  | 51 (25) | 23 (25) | 0.94 | 9 (18) | 25 (49) | 17 (27) | 0.855 |
 Diabetes |  | 15 (7) | 5 (7) | 0.36 | 0 (0) | 4 (4) | 11 (18) | < 0.001 |
 Obesity |  | 23 (11) | 9 (11) | 0.58 | 5 (14) | 11 (10) | 7 (11) | 0.819 |
Pain/Disability, mean (SD) | ||||||||
 NDI total score (0–50/50) | 209 | 21 (9) | 21 (10) | 0.14 | 11 (4) | 20 (9) | 28 (5) | < 0.001** |
 Pain during past week (NRS: 0-10/10) | 203 | 7 (2) | 7 (2) | 0.87 | 6 (2) | 6 (2) | 8 (2) | < 0.001** |
 PCS total score (0–52/52) | 209 | 22 (14) | 23 (14) | 0.42 | 16 (10) | 20 (13) | 29 (13) | < 0.001*** |
 SF-OMPQ expectations of recovery (0–10/10) | 210 | 4 (3) | 4 (3) | 0.47 | 3 (2) | 4 (3) | 5 (3) | < 0.001*** |
Psychological | ||||||||
 IES-R total score (0–88/88) | 210 | 39 (24) | 41 (24) | 0.33 | 34 (23) | 33 (23) | 52 (21) | < 0.001*** |
 DASS total score (0–63/63) | 211 | 20 (18) | 21 (18) | 0.95 | 14 (15) | 17 (16) | 28 (18) | < 0.001*** |
 PDS hyperarousal (0–15/15) | 204 | 8 (4) | 8 (4) | 0.83 | 6 (5) | 7 (4) | 10 (3) | < 0.001*** |