Skip to main content

Table 1 Descriptive data

From: Do expectations of recovery improve risk assessment for people with whiplash-associated disorders? Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study

Variables

N

All participants (n = 215)

Lost to follow-up at 12 m (n = 102)

P-value

Predicted full recovery (n = 35)

Predicted neither full recovery nor chronic moderate/severe pain and disability (n = 106)

Predicted chronic moderate/severe pain and disability (n = 66)

P-value

Age, mean (SD), in years

205

42 (16)

40 (15)

0.98

26 (7)

41 (16)

53 (12)

< 0.001

Gender, n (%)

198

       

 Male

 

89 (45)

33 (45)

0.24

11 (34)

44 (44)

30 (50)

0.35

 Female

 

109 (55)

50 (55)

 

21 (66)

56 (56)

30 (50)

 

Recruitment source, n (%)

204

       

 Hospital

 

177 (87)

74 (87)

0.16

29 (83)

90 (85)

57 (92)

0.79

 Physiotherapist

 

8 (4)

5 (4)

 

2 (6)

5 (5)

1 (2)

 

 Insurance database

 

8 (4)

4 (4)

 

1 (3)

5 (5)

2 (3)

 

 Claims Advisory Service

 

11 (5)

8 (5)

 

3 (9)

6 (6)

2 (3)

 

Education level, n (%)

204

       

 Pre-Primary

 

1 (0.5)

0 (0)

0.36

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (2)

0.67

 Primary

 

13 (6)

9 (6)

 

1 (3)

9 (9)

3 (5)

 

 Secondary

 

55 (27)

25 (27)

 

11 (31)

27 (26)

17 (28)

 

 Technical or any further education

 

56 (27.5)

24 (27.5)

 

7 (20)

29 (27)

19 (31)

 

 University of tertiary institution

 

79 (39)

33 (39)

 

16 (45)

41 (39)

22 (36)

 

Comorbidities, n (%)

204

       

 Arthritis

 

45 (22)

16 (22)

0.17

0 (0)

29 (27)

16 (26)

0.002

 Asthma

 

44 (22)

15 (22)

0.11

5 (14)

30 (68)

9 (15)

0.057

 Anxiety

 

43 (21)

19 (21)

0.95

7 (20)

22 (21)

14 (23)

0.945

 Degenerative disc disease

 

21 (10)

6 (10)

0.12

2 (6)

11 (10)

8 (13)

0.536

 Depression

 

51 (25)

23 (25)

0.94

9 (18)

25 (49)

17 (27)

0.855

 Diabetes

 

15 (7)

5 (7)

0.36

0 (0)

4 (4)

11 (18)

< 0.001

 Obesity

 

23 (11)

9 (11)

0.58

5 (14)

11 (10)

7 (11)

0.819

Pain/Disability, mean (SD)

 NDI total score (0–50/50)

209

21 (9)

21 (10)

0.14

11 (4)

20 (9)

28 (5)

< 0.001**

 Pain during past week (NRS: 0-10/10)

203

7 (2)

7 (2)

0.87

6 (2)

6 (2)

8 (2)

< 0.001**

 PCS total score (0–52/52)

209

22 (14)

23 (14)

0.42

16 (10)

20 (13)

29 (13)

< 0.001***

 SF-OMPQ expectations of recovery (0–10/10)

210

4 (3)

4 (3)

0.47

3 (2)

4 (3)

5 (3)

< 0.001***

Psychological

 IES-R total score (0–88/88)

210

39 (24)

41 (24)

0.33

34 (23)

33 (23)

52 (21)

< 0.001***

 DASS total score (0–63/63)

211

20 (18)

21 (18)

0.95

14 (15)

17 (16)

28 (18)

< 0.001***

 PDS hyperarousal (0–15/15)

204

8 (4)

8 (4)

0.83

6 (5)

7 (4)

10 (3)

< 0.001***

  1. Abbreviations: NDI Neck disability index, NRS Numeric rating scale, PCS Pain catastrophising scale, OMPSQ Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire, IES-R Impact of Events Scale- revised, PDS Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic scale, DASS Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale. Post hoc significance: **predicted recovery vs neither vs chronic, ***predicted recovery and neither vs chronic