Prevalence of multimorbid degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis with knee or hip osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 3 Risk of bias assessment of included studies

	External validity				Internal validity
Author, year	Study popula-tion represen-tative of target popula-tion	Sampling frame represen-tative of target popula-tion	Random selection or census	Non-response bias minimal	Accept-able definition of lumbar spinal stenosis	Accept-able definition of knee/hip osteo-arthritis	LSS instrument was valid and reliable	OA instrument was valid and reliable	Same mode of data collection for all subjects	Length of the shortest preva-lence period for parameter of interest was appro-priate	Numer-ator and denomin-ator for parameter of interest was appro-priate	Overall risk of bias
Kim, 2008a [39]	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	High
Kim, 2008b [40]	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	High
Saito, 2012 [44]	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	High
Lee, 2012 [41]	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	High
Cho, 2019 [38]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Moderate
Schneider, 2019 [45]	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	High
Burgstaller, 2020 [37]	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	High
Ozaki, 2020 [43]	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	High
Londhe, 2020 [42]	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	High
Weiner, 2021 [46]	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	High

Yes = low risk of bias, No = high risk of bias, High = high risk of bias (further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate and is likely to change the estimate), Moderate = moderate risk of bias (further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate and may change the estimate), Low = low risk of bias (further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate). This risk of bias tool was adapted from the original Risk of Bias Tool for Prevalence Studies in low back pain research created by Hoy et al., [36] for specific use in people with lumbar spinal stenosis and knee or hip osteoarthritis

ISSN: 1471-2474