Talonavicular joint mobilization and foot core strengthening in patellofemoral pain syndrome: a single-blind, three-armed randomized controlled trial

Table 3 Results for each treatment group according to the evaluation time point

Variables	Talonavicular Joint Mobilization	Foot Core Strengthening	Blended Intervention	Time × Group^b	Effect size
NPRS^a
Baseline	4.44 ± 0.73	4.25 ± 0.45	4.38 ± 0.81	4.355 (2.820, 3.138)^c	0.162
Post-test	2.06 ± 0.68^d	3.00 ± 0.97^d	2.38 ± 0.81^d
Follow-up at 4 weeks	2.19 ± 0.83^d	2.38 ± 0.81^d	1.75 ± 0.58^d
AKPS
Baseline	74.94 ± 6.01	72.94 ± 6.68	73.50 ± 5.55	4.028 (77.844, 80.545)^c	0.152
Post-test	81.88 ± 6.34^d	79.81 ± 5.39^d	84.31 ± 4.03^d
Follow-up at 4 weeks	93.50 ± 5.50	84.31 ± 4.03^d	85.31 ± 4.03^d
DVI^a
Baseline	30.35 ± 8.02	31.94 ± 9.22	28.95 ± 5.85	2.576 (20.084, 23.231)^c	0.103
Post-test	19.33 ± 7.62	17.37 ± 5.79^d	13.66 ± 8.67^d
Follow-up at 4 weeks	23.05 ± 6.77^d	18.24 ± 7.71^d	12.03 ± 5.83^d
FPI^a
Baseline	6.94 ± 1.65	6.56 ± 2.16	6.50 ± 1.55	3.407 (4.479, 5.035)^c	0.131
Post-test	3.25 ± 1.24	4.50 ± 0.97^d	4.06 ± 1.00^d
Follow-up at 4 weeks	3.13 ± 0.81	4.69 ± 1.35^d	3.19 ± 1.42^d
VM/VL ratio
Baseline	0.88 ± 0.27	0.87 ± 0.27	0.89 ± 0.09	3.568 (0.977, 1.090)^c	0.137
Post-test	1.10 ± 0.28	1.06 ± 0.25^d	1.20 ± 0.14^d
Follow-up at 4 weeks	1.00 ± 0.22^d	1.02 ± 0.32	1.28 ± 0.17^d

Values are mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated, AKPS Anterior Knee Pain Scale, DVI Dynamic Valgus Index, FPI Foot Posture Index, NPRS Numeric Pain Rating Scale, VL Vastus Lateralis, VM Vastus Medialis
^aLower scores are better
^bF-value (95% confidence interval)
^cTime × group interaction effect
^dCompared to baseline, Effect size = partial eta squared (η²_p)

ISSN: 1471-2474