Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

• Anterior or posterior pain in the knee area lasting for more than 12 weeks

• Excessive calcaneal eversion measured at 6° in the relaxed posture

• Results for at least two of the following four tests (isometric contraction during slight knee flexion, palpation of the knee joint line, compression of the knee bone against the femur, and actively limited knee extension)

• Score of between three and seven points on the numerical pain rating scale during the last week’s activities of daily living

• A history of diagnosis of meniscus or joint injury

• Cruciate or collateral laxity or tenderness

• Patellar tendon, iliotibial band, or pes anserine tenderness

• Signs of patellar apprehension test positivity

• Osgood–Schlatter or Sind–Larsen–Johansson syndrome

• Traces of effusion

• Referred hip or back pain

• History of recurrent knee joint subluxation or dislocation

• History of knee joint surgery

• Taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or corticosteroids within 24 h before the test

• History of brain injury or vestibular disorder within the last 6 months

• Pregnant woman