Fig. 9

Comparisons of the effects of intervention methods based on Cohen’s d effect sizes. Values are the effect sizes of the intervention methods using Cohen’s d. A: Post-intervention effect: post-test minus baseline. B: Carryover effect: follow-up at 4 weeks minus baseline. Abbreviations: AKPS, anterior knee pain scale; DVI, dynamic valgus index; FCS, foot core strengthening; FPI, foot posture index; NPRS, numeric pain rating scale; TJM, talonavicular joint mobilization; VL, vastus lateralis; VM, vastus medialis