Table 4 Participants, demographics and clinical characteristics across included studies
From: Head kinematics in patients with neck pain compared to asymptomatic controls: a systematic review
Publication | Sample | Age (years) Mean (SD) | Pain intensity (0–100 scale) Mean (SD) | Symptom duration a priori defined | Authors’ definition of cases | Authors’ definition of controls regarding neck impairments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baydal-Bertomeu et al. [57] | WAD 30 (15 F) C 29 (15 F) | 20-50a 20-50a | NA NA | >  6 months and < 1 year | WAD gradeb II and III with altered mobility of the neck | No WAD |
Descarreaux et al. [58] | INP 19 (16 F) C 20 (13 F) | 38.7 (10.7) 32.5 (8.8) | 23 (20) NA | At least one episode of neck pain in the last 6 months | Suffering from non-traumatic chronic neck pain on a persistent or recurrent basis | Without any prior or current experience of spinal pain, cervicobrachial pain or other diffuse pain conditions |
De Zoete et al. [59] | INP 50 (30 F) C 50 (27 F | 35.5 (24.0–55.3)a 34.5 (26.0–58.0)a | 30 (18.77) NA | 12 weeks or longer | Neck pain of at least 4/10 NRS (inquired date) | No current neck pain, had never sought treatment for neck pain |
Ernst et al. [60] | INP 25 (14 F) WAD 13 (7 F) C 38 (21 F) | 31.7 (12.03) 41.1 (11.4) 35.1 (13.1) | 20.1 (21.5) 36.1 (17.8) 0 (0) | >  3 months | Traumatic or non-traumatic NP and a minimum Neck Disability Index score of 10% | No history of NP for which they sought treatment and a Neck Disability Index Score of less than 4% |
Gadotti et al. [61] | WAD 5 (2 F) C 15 (10 F) | 25.6 (4.9) 24.8 (1.9) | 40 (20–60 a 3-6e) NA | NA | WAD gradeb I-III | No previous history of persistent neck pain, injury or visual problems |
Grip et al. [62] | INP 21 (14 F) WAD 25 (17 F) C 24 (16 F) | 49 (16) 49 (15) 50 (18) | 49.2 (20.8) 66.1 (18.8) 0.5 (2.1) | Persistent symptoms | WAD: gradeb I and II INP: muscular symptoms without paraesthesia | Occasional neck or back pain accepted as long as free from symptoms in the past 3 months. |
Hage et al. [63] | INP 9 (4 F) C 15 (3 F) | 31 (14) 24 (3) | 30 (0) 0 (0) | NA | 3/10 NRS or grater and NDI > 8% | Absence of neck pain episodes in the last 6 months and NDI < = 8% |
Kristjansson et al. [64] | WAD 20 (20 F) C 20 (20 F) | 30.8 (9.1) 29.3 (8.6) | 46.8 (21.8) NA | >  6 months and <  6 years | WAD gradeb I and II | No musculoskeletal pain or injury in the neck or upper limbs |
Kristjansson and Oddsdottir [65] | INP 18 (11 F) WAD 18 (16 F) C 18 (8 F) | 38.0 (8.3) 35.5 (11.9) 32.3 (10.9) | 32 (15) /80 (14)d 19 (14)/ 67 (26)d- | >  6 months and < 2 years | WAD: gradeb II after motor vehicle collision with no prior symptoms in the head or neck and pain score >  30 during last week INP: pain score >  30 during last week | No history of musculoskeletal pain or injury in the neck |
Lemmers et al. [66] | INP 35 (19 F) C 100 (50 F) | 48 (15) 44 (16) | 40 (20) NA | NA | Cervical pain of unknown origin | Presence of non-specific neck pain at the time of invitation |
Meisingset et al. [67] | INP 75 (55 F) C 91 (48 F) | 43.1 (12.9) 40.8 (13.8) | 46 (14) NA | Current neck pain episode lasting > 2 weeks | Non- traumatic neck pain as the main problem with a pain score of ≥30 at day of testing | No episode of neck pain within the last 3 months and no neck trauma |
Oddsdottir et al. [68] | WAD 34 (28 F) C 31 (16 F) | 42.1 (8.7) 37.9 (16.7) | 30/78d NA | >  6 months | WAD gradeb II with history of symptoms from the head or neck after 1 or more MVCs and pain intensity scoring > 40 | No history of musculoskeletal pain or injury in the neck |
Ohberg et al. [69] | WAD 59 (30 F) C 56 (27 F) | 38.1 (10.6) 37.3 (10.9) | NA NA | >  3 months | Chronic WAD of different gradesb | Without chronic head, neck or back pain Occasional neck or back pain accepted as long as free from symptoms during investigation. |
Osterbauer et al. [70] | WAD 30 (25 F) C 51 (36 F) | 27 (5) 24 (4) | 47 (27) | 9 (11) daysc | Symptomatic whiplash-type neck trauma as a result of a rear end impact | No history of symptomatic neck trauma for which they sought treatment in the past year Neck disability index score less than 5% |
Röijezon et al. [71] | INP 102 (102 F) C 33 (33 F) | INP 51 (9) C 47 (10) | 54 (1.6) NA | >  3 months | Women with neck pain of non-traumatic origin with a decreased physical functioning measured as > 9 normalized points of the first 19 items in the Disability Arm Shoulder Hand questionnaire | Healthy women |
Rutledge et al. [72] | INP 19 (5 F) C 22 (4 F) | 27.5 (13.1) 19.9 (1.9) | 46 (17) 0 (0) | – | Neck pain score above 30 | Neck pain score 0 and symmetric lateral flexion regarding range and tissue resistance |
Sarig Bahat et al. [73] | NP 25 (16 F): - INP 18 (NA) - WAD 7 (NA) C 42 (31 F) | 39 (12.7) NA NA 35.3 (12.4) | 33 (20) NA NA NA | >  6 weeks | Neck pain, either insidious or after whiplash injury, with or without referral to the upper limb | No history of spinal pain during the past year |
Sarig Bahat et al. [74] | NP 33 (20 F): - INP 21 (NA) - WAD 12 (NA) C 22 (8 F) | 37.5 (9.9) 33 (6.78) | 36.4 (17.2) NA | >  3 months | Chronic neck pain with or without referral to the upper limb and neck range of motion more than 40° in each direction | No physical complaints in the neck region |
Sarig Bahat et al. [75] | INP 12 (9 F)f WAD: 8 (5 F)f C 20 (10 F) | 40.3 (9.8) 45.8 (16.5) 30.3 (6.2)f | NA | >  3 months | Absence of upper limb referral, and NDI > 10% | No history of neck pain in the last 3 months and NDI < 4% |
Sjölander et al. [76] | INP 9 (9 F) WAD 7 (5 F) C 16 (13 F) | 40 (9) 45 (11) 41 (9) | 52 (16) 45 (19) NA | >  6 months | Neck pain | Absence of current, previous (over the last year) or repeated periods of neck pain |
Takasaki et al. [77] | WAD14 (9 F) C 14 (8 F) | 33.4 (10.8) 35.4 (10.7) | 29 (16) NA | >  3 months and <  6 years | WAD subjects after a car accident with a score of greater than 8% on the Neck Disability Index | No history of a whiplash injury and no current neck pain or headache |
Tsang et al. [78] | INP 34 (25 F) C 34 (25 F) | 38.4 (10.8) 34.3 (9.0) | 38.9 (15.8) NA | >  3 months or mostly presented over the last 12 months | Severity of neck condition had required medical care | No history of neck pain that required medical care over the last 12 months. |
Tsang et al. [79] | INP 30 (22 F) C 30 (21 F) | 38.3 (11.3) 35.1 (9.0) | 37.6 (12.2) NA | >  3 months or mostly presented over the last 12 months | Severity of neck condition had required medical care | No history of neck pain that required medical care over the last 12 months |
Vikne et al. [80] | WAD 15 (9 F) C 15 (9 F) | 40.1 (8.7) 38.7 (8.8) | 31 (14) NA | >  6 months | WAD gradeb II which started less than 72 h after the motor vehicle accident | No WAD |
Woodhouse et al. [81] | INP 45 (32 F) WAD 35 (23 F) C 48 (24 F) | 43 (32–53)e 40 (32–48)e 38 (27–48)e | 40 (30–50)e 60 (40–70)e 0 (0–0)e | >  6 months and <  10 years | WAD: gradeb I and II suffering from NP and/or headache after a car collision with onset of symptoms within 48 h INP: no history of neck trauma | No previous or current neck pain or history of neck trauma |
Yang et al. [82] | NP 18 (7 F) C 18 (8 F) | 25.3 (4.6) 23.8 (3.9) | NA NA | NA- | Mechanical neck disorder diagnosed by a physician and who had sought medical treatment within the past 6 weeks | No history of cervical trauma, surgery or pain |
Zhou et al. [83] | NP 28 (16 F) C 23 (14 F) | 45 (25–69) a 23 (23–30) a | 60 (20) NA | >  3 months | Mechanical or myofascial neck pain with at least one active trigger point in the cervico-thoracic or shoulder girdle region | Healthy university-aged participants |