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Table 2 Joint moments depending on the frequency of the VSS in the elderly

From: Vibrotactile somatosensory stimulus to assist the transition from level walking to stair ascent in the elderly: a pilot study

 

Elderly

Non-Stimulus

Elderly

180 Hz Stimulus

Elderly

190 Hz Stimulus

Elderly

250 Hz Stimulus

Hip Joint Moment

HFM_1

0.093 ± 0.048

*0.114 ± 0.045bc

*0.109 ± 0.045 a

*0.111 ± 0.043a

Z-value*

−5.012

−5.012

− 5.012

p value*

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Z-valuea,b,c

–

−3.855

−2.676

p valuea,b,c

–

p < 0.001a

0.007a

HEM

−0.513 ± 0.299

*-0.544 ± 0.317

*-0.560 ± 0.322

*-0.549 ± 0.318

Z-value*

−6.331

−5.632

−5.897

p value*

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

HFM_2

0.134 ± 0.069

*0.167 ± 0.064

*0.174 ± 0.063

*0.153 ± 0.078ab

Z-value*

−2.201

−2.201

−2.197

p value*

0.028

0.028

0.028

Z-valuea,b,c

−2.201

−2.201

–

p valuea,b,c

0.016c

0.004c

–

Knee Joint Moment

KFM_1

0.061 ± 0.043

0.060 ± 0.035

0.061 ± 0.035c

0.058 ± 0.035b

Z-valuea,b,c

–

−2.150

−2.150

p valuea,b,c

–

0.032c

0.032b

KEM

−0.406 ± 0.218

*-0.384 ± 0.243bc

*-0.397 ± 0.230ac

−0.404 ± 0.225ab

Z-value*

−4.462

−2.659

−1.575

p value*

p < 0.001

0.008

0.115

Z-valuea,b,c

−4.544

−3.861

− 4.991

p valuea,b,c

p < 0.001b

p < 0.001c

p < 0.001a

KFM_2

0.111 ± 0.048

*0.080 ± 0.029bc

*0.083 ± 0.028ac

*0.055 ± 0.023ab

95% CI

[0.02, 0.05]

[0.02, 0.05]

[0.04, 0.08]

t-value*

4.49

4.15

6.49

p value*

0.001

0.002

p < 0.001

95% CIa,b,c

[−0.004, − 0.001]

[0.02, 0.03]

[0.02, 0.03]

t-valuea,b,c

−3.81

11.92

10.49

p valuea,b,c

0.003b

p < 0.001c

p < 0.001a

Ankle Joint Moment

AEM

−0.465 ± 0.361

*-0.568 ± 0.359bc

*-0.597 ± 0.361ac

*-0.553 ± 0.351ab

Z-value*

−4.598

−5.261

−4.454

p value*

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Z-valuea,b,c

−3.689

−4.302

− 3.486

p valuea,b,c

0.015b

p < 0.001c

p < 0.001a

  1. Mean ± Standard deviation, Unit: N∙m/kg (Newton meters/kilogram), +: Flexor moment, −: Extensor moment
  2. CI Confidence interval, t-value paired t-test, Z-valueWilcoxon signed rank test
  3. * indicates significant difference between Non-Stimulus and Stimulus (p < 0.05)
  4. a indicates significant difference from 180 Hz stimulus (p < 0.05)
  5. b indicates significant difference from 190 Hz stimulus (p < 0.05)
  6. c indicates significant difference from 250 Hz stimulus (p < 0.05)