Forearm bone mineral density in adult men after spinal cord injuries: impact of physical activity level, smoking status, body composition, and muscle strength

Table 4 Relationships between bone mineral density (BMD), bone mass (BMC) and T-score in the distal and proximal part of the forearm and somatic features, body compositions, smoking parameters, maximal hand grip strength, the level of physical activity and injury parameters – multiple forward stepwise regression

Bone parameters	Predictor	Standardized β	Adjusted R²	F (p)
BMD dis	BMI	−0.338	0.39	7.15 (< 0.000)
	FM	0.767
	HGS	0.339
	PA	0.371
	ASy	−0.420
BMD prox	FFM	0.231	0.23	3.863 (< 0.005)
	HGS	0.213
	PA	0.194
	AI	0.137
	PI	−0.168
BMC dis	FM	0.367	0.58	14.772 (< 0.000)
	FFM	−0.159
	PA	0.862
	ASy	−0.194
	ASc/d	−0.258
BMC prox	FM	0.224	0.56	16.319 (< 0.000)
	PA	0.727
	ASy	−0.208
	ASc/d	−0.209
T-score dis	Age	0.164	0.48	10.075 (< 0.000)
	FFM	0.221
	HGS	0.161
	ASy	−0.236
	ASc/d	−0.313
T-score prox	HGS	0.125	0.43	10.113 (< 0.000)
	PA	0.227
	AI	0.312
	ASc/d	−0.406

BMI body mass index, FM fat mass, FFM fat-free mass, HGS hand grip strength, PA physical activity, ASy years of active smoking, ASc/d active smoking cigarette/day, AI Age when injury occurred, PI The period of injury

ISSN: 1471-2474