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Fig. 1 | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

Fig. 1

From: A real-time 3D electromagnetic navigation system for percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy in patients with lumbar disc herniation: a retrospective study

Fig. 1

The procedure of PTED assisted by the EMN system. a The electromagnetic field generator was placed in the caudal site of the surgical area. b The patient tracker was fixed on the adjacent spinous process of the operative level. c The mapper bridge was placed in the surgical area. d The fluoroscopy images were transmitted to the EMN system for automatic registration. e The intraoperative two-dimensional fluoroscopy images were used to match the preoperative three-dimensional CT images. f Surgical instruments were registered. g The percutaneous puncture was performed under EMN guidance. h The foraminoplasty was done under the surveillance of navigation and endoscope. i Discectomy was performed under EMN guidance. PTED, percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy; EMN, electromagnetic navigation

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