Fig. 3
From: Canine ACL rupture: a spontaneous large animal model of human ACL rupture
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of incomplete and complete anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture in the dog and human. Both humans and dogs can present with incomplete or complete anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. A Sagittal proton density fast spin echo (FSE) magnetic resonance (MR) image of a stable canine knee with incomplete ACL rupture (arrow). B Sagittal T2 FSE CUBE image of a complete canine ACL rupture (arrow). In humans, incomplete ACL rupture develops gradually with subfailure fiber rupture similar to the dog. C Sagittal MR imaging illustrating incomplete human ACL rupture (arrow). D T2-weighted MR sagittal sequence demonstrating mid-substance complete ACL rupture (arrow). Images A and B in Fig. 3 are reproduced with permission from Wiley [82]