Table 2 Univariate analyses of demographic characteristics

Age (years)

66.43 ± 12.05

62.45 ± 10.16

0.007^*

Sex (male/female), n

39/33

114/102

0.838

Body mass index (kg/m²)

26.04 ± 3.33

25.28 ± 3.61

0.119

Smoking status (yes), n (%)

15 (20.83)

56 (25.93)

0.385

Drinking status (yes), n (%)

9 (12.50)

25 (11.57)

0.833

 Hypertension (yes), n (%)

44 (61.11)

105 (48.61)

0.066

 Diabetes (yes), n (%)

17 (23.61)

64 (29.63)

0.325

 Heart problem (yes), n (%)

13 (18.06)

31 (14.35)

0.449

 Cerebrovascular disease (yes), n (%)

9 (12.50)

34 (15.74)

0.919

Surgical level, n (%)

0.478

 L2/L3, L3/L4

3 (4.17)

17 (7.87)

 L4/L5

55 (76.39)

152 (70.37)

 L5/S1

14 (19.44)

47 (21.76)